Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Under the definition of "ill house", this research has the aim to identify risk factors that allow the transmission within the house of tropical diseases vector transmitted (Chagas and dengue) and water transmitted (protozoa and heminths), in extremely empoverished families in Guayaquil. The objective of this study is to give suggestions in order to improve the quality of life of inhabitants that use "caña guadua" houses provided by an NGO Hogar de Cristo to people with an income of less than I dollar per day The coclussions and recomendations advócate towards the formulation of public policy regarding the development of a "healthy house" model. This is a multidisciplinary study of 99 houses, with 455 inhabitants in Lomas de la Florida, El Mirador, Colinas de la Florida, and Sergio Toral, no conditions for the development of Triatoma dimidiata were identified nevertheless proper factors for the growth of Aedes aegypti were found. Water supply was found to be very sensitive to feacal contamination and protozoal transmission (Entamoeba hisolytica and E. coli). Social and psycological factors are present and important, beliefs and ideas solidly installed in the cultura lead to low social responsability, barriers towards changes in the ideas of life, health and disease were identified in both personal and comunitary aspects.

The need to reduce the excessive number of insecticide applications for its adverse effects on the environment and human health has led us to seek other alternatives in combating insect pests. One option for the biological control of them is entomopathogenic nematodes of H. bacteriophora gender, offering high potential for use. The objective of this research was to biologically control the black weevil larvae (C. sordidus) using the H. bacteriophora nematode on banana crop to reduce insecticide applications. We conducted a field bioassay to choose a crescent surface at 1,5 m2 around each plant that was covered with a solution of 5 liters by spraying it with a high volume hand pump without nozzle. As an indicator to realize the action of nematodes semicircular type traps were made that were placed inside the crescent surface, the weevils that were in them were collected and taken to the laboratory and kept there eight days to see if they died within this period of time. The doses used were 66 667, 83 333 and100 000 nematodes/plant in a randomized complete block design. The dose of H. bacteriophora that caused the great dead adult weevils was 100 000 nematodes/plant, with an average of 6,69 per plant 15 days after the application of nematodes in field. The corms of banana plants where nematode doses were applied were not pierced by black weevil larvae. The symptoms caused by the nematodes on the dead bodies of black weevil adults was at eight days, presenting a brown coloration. The higher cost ofimplementation was obtained with the dose of 150 million ofnematodes per hectare, with a value of $ 238.

This work hadas main purpose of performing a scientific study of the mammals in the Research Station Pedro Franco Dávila (Jauneche) and its surroundings. The methodology used was direct observation, informal interviews and literature collection, taking into account only the first for calculation of diversity. Transects were conducted at three sampling sites of 1650 m and 6600 m2 in total, on 1.1 days/person/hour. We used 16 Tomahawk traps, Metal and Sherman in locations chosen by evidence of the presence of mammals, with a total of 192 traps I day. Bait was placed peanut butter, tuna, sardines, lettuce and visors.There were 79 individuals by direct observation, these are grouped in 3 orders, 4 families, 6 geners and 6 species. The mammal is distributed as follows: 4 marsupials (Didelphimorphia), 11 squirrels and one rat (Rodentia) and 63 howler monkeys (Primates). Atelidae family with a single species (Alouatta palliata) was the largest accounting for 79. 74% of the mammals recorded. Diversity of the mammalian fauna in the ECPFD, according to Shannon measures are: transect 1 (TI) is decits 0,229, in transect 2 (T2) is of 0.118 decits and transect 3 (T3) is of 0.507 decits. In the transects the species with the highest relative abundance was Allouatta palliata, the less abundan! varied in each of the transects. The similarity in the transects was below 50% where T3 and T2 transects were more similar because the number of individuals observed are relatively equal. The greatest diversitys found in forest edges and in nearby farms, this gives us to understand that there is a migration of species feeding grounds, causing a serious conflict with the inhabitants ofthe area who see animals as pests, where the only solution is to remove them. lt is noteworthy that the species found there are broad and opportunistic feeding habits.

Marine fungi are a group of microorganisms capable of biosynthesized metabolites with novel structures. Generally microbial population produces compounds that work against the growth of other populations. Antibiotics produced naturally by these populations, could provide benefits in the control of diseases, both in aquaculture and in human and animal pathology, in this context tropical fungi are entering in screening programs as potential producers of drugs with new models of action. In the present investigation two protocols were established to evaluate the bioactivity ofmarine fungi against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria: fungal extracts and fungal discs. There was no bioactivity in bioassays offungal extracts ofmarine ascomycete versus Gram negative bacteria Rhodospirillum sp. and Pseudomonas sp. Methods of preservation to fungal extracts at 4 and -20ºC were suitable for conservation, there was no loss of volume or change in color of the extracts or any other signs of deterioration, there was no fungal or bacterial contamination. None of fungal discs bioassays of marine ascomycetes versus Gram negative bacteria Enterobacter sp, Escherichia coli, E. coli001, Klebsiella sp., Klebsiella sp.001, and the Gram positive bacterium Staphylococcus sp. were observed inhibition of bacterial growth.

Populations are in continuous internal motion, which projects itself towards the periphery. The expansion of different activities, such as trade and religion, precedes the spatial growth of the state. The size of the state is one of the measures of its civilizational level: the higher the latter is, the larger the state’s surface is. At the same time the relationship of the population to the land becomes continuously closer. The growth of the state proceeds by the annexation of smaller members into the aggregate, and manifests itself as a peripheral phenomenon in pushing outward the frontier which must be crossed by the carriers of growth. However, growth does not happen in any direction, but towards the most valuable lands. Natural increase renews a simple political body and continuously reproduces it, but does not of itself reproduce any other form. Weaker states attempt to equal the more powerful, whence the struggle for spatial integration and levelling arises.

1. El fundador de la Geografía humana y de la Geografía política. 2. El posicionamiento del determinismo geográfico en la contribución ratzeliana. 3. La idea-fuerza del Lebensraum y las leyes espaciales de los Estados. Bibliografía.

In order to understand the construction and re-creation of identities of those who live on a section of the Portuguese-Spanish border, specifically that part of the frontier where the northern Portuguese region of Trás-os-Montes meets the Spanish region of Galicia, this essay examines and attempts to interconnect three elements: the theories used by social scientists concerning the concepts of “identity” and of “borders”; the ideas (and stereotypes) of the “Other” held by the Portuguese and the Spaniards throughout their history since the founding of Portugal in the twelfth century; and the ethnography, in both senses of product and of process, carried out by the author over the past two decades in villages and towns on the Luso-Spanish frontier, both before and after the Schengen Agreement.

Introducción. 1. El cuándo y el dónde en los estudios de fronteras en Geografía Política. 2. Fronteras en/de Europa: la dimensión central de la periferia. 3. Las fronteras ibéricas. 4. Los trabajos incluidos en este monográfico y su contexto. Bibliografía.