Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The main objective of this article is to offer an approach to the role of the wine sector in generaland that of the wine designations of origin (PDOs), as an exponent of cluster at a territorialscale, in particular, in relation to sustainability, considering the limited detailed quantitativeinformation available and the qualitative information gathered from interviews with somehighly qualified people linked to this branch of activity.To this end, the paper is structured in four sections. The first, of an introductory nature,highlights the importance of the Spanish Agro-food Industry and its PDOs, emphasizing therelevance of the wine sector within it. The second provides a characterization of the mainwine PDOs, which can be classified as LPSs or territorial clusters. The third section detailsthe main activities and actions which, throughout the wine sector value chain, have a positiveimpact from the point of view of sustainability. The fourth and final section examines the mostrelevant aspects of the contribution of wine regions and designations of origin to sustainabledevelopment. The paper ends with the main conclusions drawn from these four sections anda series of final reflections of interest from the perspective of local sustainable development.In this sense, it is worth anticipating the importance of PDOs for rural Spain - widely affectedby depopulation and demographic ageing - especially in those territories where wine tourismappears as an element of productive diversification, as well as the growing link between theworld of wine and environmental sustainability, especially visible through the proliferation oforganic wines and certifications that imply a clear commitment to respect for the environment,as an intangible asset that provides image and prestige to the wineries.

The happiness of countries has important effects on their image, prestige, attraction of funds ortourism. Furthermore, there are rankings and models developed to try to explain what it dependson. This paper explores the possibility of improving the World Happiness Report model intwo ways: the inclusion of cultural variables and the analysis of possible interactions betweenvariables. To this end, the original database has been supplemented with Hofstede's culturaldimensions, replicating the original regression analyses and using an fsQCA. The results showthe need to include culture in this type of studies and the existence of three different models ofcountries with high happiness scores

RESEÑA

Ignacio Agramonte y Loynaz (1841-1873) is one of the historical figures of the fight for the Independence of Cuba. Although his political and military action is famous, his time as a law student is little known. This article is an approach to an early thought of Agramonte on Administrative Law on a Sabatina at the Real y Literaria Universidad de La Habana in 1862. In it, specific aspects of administrative law are discussed, such as centralization and administrative political structures that puts to debate, the articulation of a different state model and the use of unusual sources.

Historically, it has been known that human rights, considered under their local and international protection systems, can be enforced vertically against the State. Nevertheless, in the last years, the third-party effect, which states that rights can be enforced between individuals, has taken great importance among jurists and jurisprudence. This article will analyze the development and implications of the third-party effect from international law and Ecuadorian constitutional law, looking them as complements for the protection of human rights.

This paperwork presents an analysis about the implications of the new legal forms provided by the  Simplified Shares Company regulations  and the reform to the Company Law, as it is considered that they have brought to our legislation  new legal forms that regulate aspects which are not provided for the traditional companies. Consequently, within this article, it is proposed, as a first instance, that the mandatory regime coexists along the default rules regime, letting us clarify the impacts of not recognising legal forms such as:  abuse of participation rights, de facto and shadow directors, unanimous approval to include an arbitration clause, and mediation as a mechanism provided to solve corporate conflicts. Along the same lines, owing to the lack of explicit recognition of these legal forms, within this paperwork, some solutions are provided to deal with conflicts associated with the new legal forms in the traditional companies. Those solutions are essentially based on the redirection of rules provided in our Company Law which, mainly, redirect us to apply the Civil Code norms. Finally, within this paperwork, it is proposed that, even though, we can find many solutions for the lack of recognition of new legal forms, our Company Law must be reformed, so it can provide standardised regulations to deal with the new figures included in our Company Law, since it is required to have efficient regulations that are able to respond to the modern commercial needs.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the conflict of norms that arises between the Companies Law and the Labor Code regarding the responsibility of shareholders for labor debts. On the one hand, the Companies Law, with the enactment of the simplified stock company, the law states that the shareholders shall not be responsible for said obligations, while the Labor Code enshrined a joint and several liability of the company"™s partners when it comes to labor obligations. For this reason, we will assess which rule prevails. After explaining why the Companies Law should prevail over the Labor Code,  we shall explain why that does not entail a violation of the constitutional principles of intangibility and irrevocability of labor rights, but rather an exception that doesn"™t mean to disavow those already recognize labor rights, based on the duty of the State to ensure an efficient development of economic activity and investment, without undermining labor rights.

Related-party transactions are a type of self-dealing operations used by majority shareholders to the detriment of minority shareholders. Ecuador is the first Latin American country to regulate these transactions, serving as a reference for neighboring countries. However, its regulation falls short by regulating an exhaustive list of transactions, leaving aside other types of conflicts that could emerge. Likewise, Ecuadorian regulation gives much more importance to directors than to majority shareholders, evidencing an incomplete legislation to provide solutions to mitigating the agency problem that exists between shareholders, instead of regulating the conflicts of interest among shareholders and the company"™s directors. This essay examines the existing mechanisms in comparative law that mitigate this type of abuse from controlling shareholders. For this reason, the disclosure of information, ex ante approval: through the majority of the minority and ex post judicial review are analyzed, to determine which mechanism is more suitable for the Ecuadorian context.