Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The paleoflora of the Tuzancoa Formation has been studied since the middle of the last century. However, the constant discovery of new floristic elements and/or localities makes it necessary to re-evaluate the current knowledge of the paleoflora of this formation. Therefore, the objective of this work is to present new paleofloristic reports of three localities of the Tuzancoa Formation, as well as to analyze their geographical and chronological distribution and their relationship with other contemporary floras of Mexico. The localities studied are named Calnali 2, La Virgen, and San Mateo 2, the latter being a new locality. In the first locality, six orders were identified (Equisetales, Glossopteridales, Lepidodendrales, Marattiales, Peltaspermales and Voltziales), while in The Virgin and San Mateo 2, four orders were identified (Equisetales, Lepidodendrales, Marattiales, and Peltaspermales). The new reports correspond to one family, two affinities, five genera, and seven species; of this set, five taxa stand out as new reports for the Mexican Republic and/or as taxonomically important, and these correspond to Majonicaceae, Odontopteris cf. Brardii, Mariopteris, Taeniopteris feddeni and T. tenuis. Majonicaceae is represented by a female reproductive structure probably related to the species Calnalia hidalguensis; Odontopteris cf. Brardii is a fern characterized by the absence of a middle vein in its pinnules; Mariopteris is a fern with pinnules with varying degrees of fusion; Taeniopteris feddeni corresponds to a large entire leaf, more than five cm wide with a density of 20 to 22 secondary veins per cm; finally, Taeniopteris tenuis is an entire leaf less than 5 cm wide that presents a unique arrangement in its secondary venation with a density of 28 to 30 veins per cm. These new findings substantially increase the floristic diversity of the formation and allow to establish, together with lithology, a transitional environment in Calnali 2 and a continental environment in La Virgen and San Mateo 2. The stratigraphic and distribution ranges of the taxa, suggest an age for the plant-carrying strata of the Pennsylvanian–lower Permian; in addition, an inferred geographical affinity with the Euromerican kingdom is considered. Finally, when comparing the floristic list of the Tuzancoa Formation with other contemporary units with reports of fossil flora such as Matzitzi (Mt), Paso Hondo (Ph), Olinalá (Ol) and Patlanoaya (Pt), a minimal similarity is observed for the latter (Po, Ol and Pt) due to the poor records in relation to the Tuzancoa Fm. Regarding the Matzitzi Formation, in this case the plants indicate characteristics of different environments: Continental and humid for Matzitzi, and transitional in the locality of Calnali of the Tezuncoa Formation, while in the locality of the Virgin and San Mateo the environment is sub-humid. All these new contributions help us to better understand the terrestrial ecosystems of the late Paleozoic in the western equatorial margin of Euromerica.

A methodology is developed, with an integral approach (geological, statistical, hydrological, hydrochemical, soil-water interaction), which, based on the hydrochemical characterization of any aquifer, allows to identify and consistently establish its relationship, with the types of soil and the hydrogeochemical processes associated with the soil-water interactions of the place. This methodology is applied for the first time in the coastal aquifer between Río Elqui and Río Limarí (Coquimbo Region, Chile), since there are no previous studies of this type in that area, being a water resource of great importance for human consumption and productive activities. A dynamic sampling of the water from wells distributed in the study area is carried out measuring in situ electrical conductivity, pH and temperature, and later, in the laboratory, the concentrations of major ions are determined using ICP-MS (EPA 200.8), Ionic Chromatography (EPA 300.1) y Volumetric technics (APHA/AWWA/WEF, 2012). Statistical analysis in conglomerates and principal components shows the relationship between the chemical composition of these waters and four soil types (wind deposits, alluvial deposits, transgressive marine sequences, intrusive rocks) where the wells are located. Most of the waters sampled in the study sector are classified as mixed towards the interior of the continent (chlorinated-bicarbonated-sulfated, sodium-magnesium-calcium). Dominant ions (chloride, sodium) are observed only at the coastline. It is observed that the presence of the mayority ions is determined in the first place by cationic processes in the marine environment and carbonate leaching, which are associated with weathering, seawater intrusion, leaching and reverse cation exchange. Secondly, the major ions originated from carbonate leaching processes in non-marine environments, associated with weathering and leaching, mainly in sectors far away from the salt wedge and/or marine transgressions. The supersaturation of salts (aragonite, calcite, dolomite) and the behavior of electrical conductivity are also correlated with the soil types based on the main components (CP1, CP2). The most important environmental process identified, which accounts for the behavior of electrical conductivity in the aquifer, corresponds to the cationic processes in the marine environment (CP1). The proximity to the coastline and the spatial distribution of marine transgressions are the factors that mostly affect a higher concentration of major ions and soil-water interaction processes. The comprehensive analysis allows to describe and explain the spatial hydrochemical characteristics of the aquifer, and how its major ions and soil-water interaction processes identified are consistent with the types of soil where the wells are located.

Freidenberg, Flavia (coord.) (2022) Las reformas electorales en América Latina: una evaluación de los procesos de cambios de reglas de juego. Ciudad de México: iij-UNAM/IECM.

This paper analyzes the social policies implemented by the federal and Mexico City governments to face the serious health, economic and social situation caused by the Covid-19 pandemic during 2020 and 2021. The aim is to discuss the concordance and/or discordance of the instruments created in response to the emergency by these two government levels, which are controlled by the same party for the first time since local authorities were elected by citizens in 1997. Although the public health dimension was the priority, both applied different kinds of instruments - economic, fiscal, and social - to meet the social protection needs of lower-income sectors and vulnerable groups. However, this major governmental effort revealed the weaknesses of the country’s social protection system, which aims to fulfill the constitutional rights of all citizens —health, food, housing, and education—, and the need to restructure the current social policies of both the federal and local governments.

Aguilar, Carlos (coord.) (2021) Intercambio Político. Un concepto a revisión. Ciudad de México: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana

The measures taken to contain the spread of the Covid-19 virus affected the world economy and in particular the tourism sector. The stoppage of activities resulted in a drastic drop in its operations, also impacting on the perception that tourism actors have in the process of economic recovery. The research sought to identify the perception of the actors in the tourism sector chain about the impacts generated by Covid-19 in the Jericó and Jardín municipalities, located southwest of Medellín-Colombia, with a qualitative and interpretive approach which tends to understand , interpretation and perception of the realities of tourism service providers. The design was cross-sectional, not experimental, and the phenomenological method was used. Direct effects were evident mainly in the sustainability and permanence of the companies in the sector, financial and income weakness, which generated unemployment in the region. Finally, the tourism companies located in these two municipalities do not have action and response plans to these external threats, which leads to decisions such as reducing staff, closing and liquidating the companies in the short term and the feeling of not having the support of public institutions.

La Alianza del Pacífico is an integration agreement between Colombia, Chile, Peru and Mexico that has been taking shape since 2012, whose purpose is to increase the interdependence between the countries, with greater cooperation among themselves. The objective of this investigation is to present the most relevant subjects of the intraregional trade of steel goods with the greatest dynamics in exports and imports from the department of Santander, in the period 2020-2021, with the member countries of the Pacific Alliance. The methodology implemented was exploratory and descriptive. Within the most representative halls, it is possible to highlight the low level of commercial exchange in the exports and imports carried out between Santander and the countries of the Alliance of the Pacific. In the same way, it can be seen that the main products exported by Santander to the Alianza del Pacifico are Carburo reactors like gasoline for reactors and turbines, Mexico being the main commercial partner in the dynamics of both the importer and exporter of the department, observing a greater participation in the exports corresponding to the metalworking sector, where copper electrical conductors for a voltage of less than 1000 V are the main product imported from the countries of the Pacific Alliance. It can also be determined that Mexico is the main provider of goods and services since the Alianza del Pacifico.

The present study allows to document and understand the management of social enterprises through agribusiness in rural associative groups. Aspects such as the characterization, the dynamics of operation and innovation, and the sustainability model of this type of venture are analyzed qualitatively. The research was carried out in the south of Nariño - Colombia, it was approached under a hermeneutic historical approach and of an interpretive descriptive order with an intentional sampling. The associations were selected based on the objectives and social mission, trajectory and agribusiness model. The information collected was approached using a thematic analysis to interpret the data collected. Therefore, the characteristics and impact of these groups in the community and region, the operation of agribusiness as an axis of innovation of the social objective and the sustainability of the venture that arises from the realities of the populations in their transit through this process were identified. With this research work it is concluded that studying a social enterprise from the associativity allows to identify opportunities and give them social and economic value through local development projects, which are strengthened with the integral work of agribusiness, promoting innovation and sustainability.

Compensation and emotional salary in companies in the commerce sector in Villavicencio-Meta, Colombia, have been little influenced by situations and dynamics such as staff turnover and the limited growth of people due to having extended organizational structures, with remunerations affected by reason for migration to other sectors of the economy, it seeks to analyze compensation and emotional salary in order to provide elements that improve human management practices. A quantitative investigation with an inferential approach was carried out, with a non-probabilistic sampling, based on the database collected in the year 2020, by the GYDO research group with the Mp05c instrument, compensation section, which was applied accordingly. virtual form to the collaborators of the companies of the city; It was found that there is a negative correlation between the average salary and the emotional salary, in addition to the fact that they tend to have a very low frequency of application of extra-legal social benefits, and it is concluded that the sector offers employees job and salary stability; however, salaries are not significant compared to other sectors, this is due to the fact that most of the companies that make up the sector are micro and small companies.

It is thought that the decisions made by heads of households in purchasing products for their homes are largely influenced by consumerism and society. This study aims to understand the attitude and intention towards responsible consumption in households in the city of Bogotá, therefore, from a descriptive, cross-sectional, nonexperimental study and analysis through the modeling of structural equations, 418 heads of household were surveyed. We identified the relationships that exist between attitude, the subjective norm, the perception of control with responsible consumption activities. With this, it was determined that heads of household are more likely to act towards responsible consumption due to social pressure on the part of their family or their environment leading them to adopt responsible purchasing behaviors.