Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The problem that was analyzed in this article is the breach of the provisions of Art. 300 and following of the Organic Administrative Code by public institutions, referring to the implementation of a computer platform in the notification phase in the ordinary auction and the presentation of bids virtually. The approach used was qualitative, using the research of web pages of institutions such as Ban Ecuador, Ministry of Labor, BIESS, CFN and Banco del Pacífico. As a result, it was obtained that certain public institutions have violated Art. 300 of the COA and following as well as the principles and administrative rights within the coercive procedures. It was concluded that the institutions by not complying with the current regulations on the computer platform will have several consequences, one of them being the stagnation of coercive trials, causing the violation of administrative principles and rights; that is why it is suggested for the proper development of coercive processes, the creation of a single auction platform where each institution raises the upload the information of the goods to be auctioned and the possibility of the interested parties to present bids online.

A sector of the doctrine considers that from a legal point of view the maximum sentence of 40 years that is applied in Ecuador is not enough for the person to stop violating the established norms, because whoever feels pleasure or has the tendency to commit crimes, You have no limits to do it. Therefore, this article aims to know how effectively life imprisonment can be in the international arena and in Ecuador, in addition to detailing the level of events in reducing crime rates and its effectiveness in reducing crime levels for heinous crimes. Throughout history, this type of sanction arose in order to replace the death penalty; this being a dogmatic-philosophical case within the legal framework, which in the mere fact of applying it must have a true justification of its legitimacy since it leads to the violation of rights within the constitutional, international and criminal framework; also including the rights and guarantees of persons deprived of liberty, and even more so of those rights inherent to all human beings, thus violating the chain of the rehabilitation system imposed within a State of rights and justice. Finally, the methodology used in this study is documentary because through the legal analysis of doctrinal sources and integration of the application measures of the life sentence of various countries, it has been possible to demonstrate a historical role; in which it will serve as a reference to determine how feasible the application of life imprisonment is.  

This research study is developed with the objective of analyzing the main economic policies adopted by the State, and their effect on the Ecuadorian labor market. Therefore, a quantitative approach methodology is used, applying documentary and descriptive methods, for data collection the review of documents on economic policies issued in Ecuador in the last 15 years is used, with the use of the analytical level to interpret the results, among which it is highlighted that economic policies have been effective, these being a tool for labor production and large sources of employment that are evidenced in the increase in timely employment, and the decrease in underemployment and unemployment that can be seen in a regular constant between the years 2017-2019. The year 2020 has been a difficult year for the Ecuadorian economy, the spread of the covid-19 pandemic directly affected the effectiveness of economic policies, making it necessary to take social distancing measures and causing the closure of businesses that provided a source of employment for Ecuadorians. However, as of 2021, measures have been taken to promote a post-pandemic economic recovery, such as the humanitarian support law and the promotion of local credit, in order to boost the labor market and promote sustainable economic development. the Ecuadorians.

The dairy sector is dedicated to the production of staple foods and in turn generates thousands of jobs in the country. The presence of Covid-19 in the first months caused an increase in sales in the sector; however, in the following months said growth was affected by the economic crisis that engulfed Ecuadorian families, as a result of confinement and unemployment. Therefore, the objective of the work was to analyze the financial effect of advertising spending on sales through the analysis of the financial statements of companies in the dairy sector in Ecuador. Therefore, a quantitative method of correlational scope was used to identify the variances in sales and advertising through the linear regression model in the years 2016 to 2020. The results obtained showed that advertising spending has a limited effect on sales. Sales of the dairy sector, however, it was identified that the growth in sales is attributed to external indicators such as GDP or the consumption of the basic food basket.

This investigation is based on determining whether the Ecuadorian State has found a way to provide the necessary support, and in a reliable way, to law enforcement officers to establish a difference between the correct progressive use of force, in each event in which they intervene, detecting if they are prepared to be able to reach an effective execution of the acts of service for which they are called to protect public safety. Since, despite having regulations in Ecuadorian legislation for its correct application, there are precedent events in which there are police officers involved in criminal proceedings for having incurred in the crime of overreach in the execution of an act of service. For which, in this work we will be able to make an extensive study on the progressive use of force and on the need of the Ecuadorian state to protect citizen security.

The objective of the research is to identify the criteria for the objective application of the misdemeanor rule from the perspective of proportionality and rationality, guaranteeing what is established in the Ecuadorian criminal legal system. The problem is that contraventions as infractions differentiated from crimes because they are less serious, should be punished proportionally to the culpability of the offender, otherwise it would be evidencing a normative arbitrariness and violating what is established within the criminal and constitutional legal framework. It is a legal study carried out from a critical, analytical, descriptive, and propositive methodological line that seeks to give a real explanation of the norm in cases of criminal contraventions, and even the characteristics or problems present with respect to the punitive action and applicable legal tools provided by the legal regulations. It is concluded that there is a violation of the principles of proportionality, effective judicial protection and minimum intervention in the application of the penalty of deprivation of liberty in contraventions.

The purpose of the research was to interpret the principles of open government that give impulse to a digital and intelligent public administration in the Provincial GAD of Manabí (Ecuador); the methodological approach has been qualitative, supported by the inductive method, whose level of depth is descriptive, with a non-experimental fieldwork, the documentary review has served as a strategy for the support of the discourse by the researchers; In addition, as an analysis strategy it was based on the phases proposed by the Grounded Theory (Strauss and Corbin) designed for case studies; on the other hand, the hermeneutic method (analytical-interpretative) contributed to the identification of the object of study by allowing to give it a comprehensive and interpretative form from the discourse expressed by the key informants - academics and researchers - through a semi-structured interview (in depth). Among the findings there are three aspects that give opportunity to an idea of good practices within the management of the Provincial Government of Manabí; these aspects were generated as a result of a categorization process based on a very careful discursive triangulation: theorists, informants and researchers, these aspects are: Open democratic government, open state and open and collaborative governance model. Undoubtedly, it is necessary to make way for a digital and intelligent public administration, relevant to manage the complexity of the present. 

The objective of this work was to consider financial management in relation to credit risk, in Municipal Savings and Credit Banks registered in the BV of Lima, between 2016 and 2020. Methodology was used for an applied thesis, non-experimental as design and also correlational and longitudinal. The set of financial statements was the population; and the corresponding ones between the years 2016 to 2020 was the sample of the CMACs registered in the BV of Lima. Intentional, i.e., convenience sampling was used. Documentary analysis and the research form were the research technique and instrument, respectively, on public and validated sources. The hypotheses indicated the existence of strong significant relationships in the main variables, with Spearman's statistic of 1.000 and significance lower than 0.05 since both variables would register a high relationship. From the results we can conclude that the study variables have a moderate direct relationship, i.e., the greater the financial management, the greater the effectiveness in the results of credit risk.

The content of this scientific review article has its origin in the consequences of the application of pretrial detention, compared to the right to the presumption of innocence. The number of cases that are seen daily in Ecuador, in which suspects are deprived of liberty with the measure of preventive detention and are subsequently acquitted by resolution, entail consequences that affect (economic, psychological, etc.) not only the subject, but also the State. Therefore, in order to arrive at a criterion that discusses the above, the following topics have been developed: The judicial system in Ecuador, it is important to know what are the mechanisms that in the Ecuadorian criminal system are used to guarantee the rights and procedures, and to impart justice; Precautionary measures, whose main function is to avoid the threat against constitutional rights or human rights recognized in the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador, as well as in international treaties; Finally, reference is made to the right to the presumption of innocence, a fundamental right that the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador, in accordance with other international standards, must protect at all costs, without allowing other rights, such as the right to liberty, to be violated. The results of this research have allowed us to develop a discussion on the issue raised, which ultimately leads us to conclude that the right to liberty is restricted by the rules governing the behavior of human beings; that the justice system applies pretrial detention mechanically, without observing other details; and that the guarantee of the right to the presumption of innocence is not effective in Ecuador.

Internal control systems are crucial tools to improve government risk management, they also contribute to the fulfillment of organizational objectives. Therefore, the non-existence or evasion of internal control in educational centers leads to their underfunding. The objective of the research was to analyze the internal control and financial risk management through the coso model for the operational improvement of technical and technological institutes in zone 3 of Ecuador. Using the quantitative method, the financial statements for the period 2015-2019 were studied, through vertical and horizontal analysis and the design of financial indicators, where the main risks faced by the Félix Bucheli Carrera Technological Institute were identified. The research findings determine that the institution exhibits acceptable profit management administration. However, attention should be paid to cash and cash equivalents, since current assets are not very representative to face unforeseen obligations, this causes a solvency risk in the institution. Likewise, the relationship between administrative and sales expenses over income from ordinary activities may be affected by inadequate or non-existent internal control.