Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

O estilo de vida desencadeia processos biológicos que levam o corpo a uma exaustão mista, levando a um estado chamado "stress", adoecendo ou agravando patologias. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar o estresse emocional sobre o sistema imunológico e desenvolver um conceito abrangente que permita menos ramificações errôneas em sua abordagem. Esta é uma revisão de literatura baseada em artigos em Imunologia retirados do banco de dados da PubMed. Foram selecionados artigos que relacionavam o problema de estresse com a etiologia imunopatogênica, publicados entre 2021 e 2022 (até 16 de março de 2022) e pesquisados com os termos truncados "imunologia do estresse", "fisiologia do estresse" e "psicologia do estresse". Evidenciamos que o estresse emocional é multifacetado, muda de acordo com a natureza do estímulo, pode ser benigno ou deletério e pode afetar populações de TCDs, que começam a carregar "cicatrizes" que as tornam hiper-responsivas a atividades inflamatórias em células-tronco, células B e NK. Moléculas como mTOR e PI3K, que expõem agentes virais dos APCs, levam à escassez do processo. Em uma situação contrária ao estresse, as citocinas pró-inflamatórias TNF-α tendem a se equilibrar, melhorando o tratamento com noxa. O estresse pode agravar inúmeras condições nos sistemas biológicos. Entretanto, o estresse "positivo" é responsável pelo aprendizado, tornando o processo alostático menos dispendioso. A condição cognitiva e a natureza estressante podem influenciar uma melhor reatividade e aprendizagem. Descobrimos que o estresse negativo que eleva os níveis de glicocorticóides é cognitivo-dependente, prevendo o agravamento de patologias crônicas ou produzindo seqüelas. Finalmente, concluímos que o estresse é todo causa e efeito exógeno que fisiologicamente são desencadeadores neuroimunoendócrinos da resposta cognitivo-dependente, o que leva o sistema à homeostase por natureza, independentemente da causa de seus danos, seja ela benigna e/ou deletéria, na forma aguda de caráter bioinformacional e na forma imunopatogênica crônica.

Introduction: A previous study was conducted to examine the relationship between poor air quality in the form of PM2.5 exposure and COVID-19 morbidity and mortality in Yakima County, Washington (USA). Results showed there was a significant correlation (p<0.05) between PM2.5 exposure and COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality in the 12-day lag analysis, however it was not clear if this association remains consistent over time. The purpose of this study was to analyze a second year of PM2.5 exposure and COVID-19 morbidity and mortality in a population significantly impacted by poor air quality (PM2.5) and high COVID-19 morbidity to determine whether the findings of the previous study could be confirmed. Methods: A 12-day lag analysis correlating PM2.5 levels and county-level COVID-19 case counts, hospitalization, and mortality was conducted using Pearson correlation between the period of February 1, 2021 and December 20, 2021 in Yakima, County, Washington, USA. Results: PM2.5 was found to be significantly correlated (p<.011) to COVID-19 morbidity (r = 0.38), hospitalization (r = 0.41), and mortality (r = 0.18). Discussion: This study expands upon and confirm previous preliminary findings examining the association between poor air quality exposure and negative COVID-19 outcomes. Populations exposed to long-term PM2.5 may need additional safeguards from COVID-19 as they may have a higher risk of infection, hospitalization, and mortality.

Animal rearing regimes in zoos can be strongly altered according to the adaptation of animals to the captive environment. These changes can modulate animal well-being. In this review, we approach studies of ethological action and its impacts on the adaptation syndrome of captive animals. Zoos offer multiple ways of making adaptations of animals more difficult. strongly favoring the appearance of this syndrome. Animal organisms have their own characteristics, which allow us to identify their state of adaptation to the environment. This fact facilitates significant progress in our general understanding of the genotype-phenotype relationships of animals. The action of the veterinarian in zoos is thus favored. Knowledge of the basic characteristics of animals provides basic behavioral insights and enhances our understanding of the ways in which adaptation can modulate the lives of animals in suitable environments. There are also several and important applications, such as increasing well-being, preventing pathologies and promoting the advancement of scientific knowledge.

In this study we carried out bibliographical research on the impacts that pig production can cause on the environment, highlighting what is necessary for its production. During the research, some current manuscripts on this theme were used in the Google Scholar tool. Brazil is the fourth largest producer and exporter of pork. Despite the importance of this activity, the environmental impacts linked to swine farming have caused extremely relevant effects on the surrounding environment. The high consumption of water resources and the emission of liquid and gaseous objects into the environment are notable among these effects. The undue discharge of untreated waste into rivers, lakes and the soil can cause diseases (worms, allergies, hepatitis), in addition to zoonoses, causing discomfort to the population. The objective of this work is to identify environmentally sustainable alternatives with regard to the disposal of manure and the waste of water from pig farming. Swine farming requires a waste control program for its correct management. Waste treatment, in order to fulfill its final objective and to be effective, needs to convert waste into harmless material when returned to the environment. We have biodigesters as a form of treatment that is an efficient tool contributing to the minimization of waste that goes into the environment.  

The surgical performance in animal patients affected by carcinoma is justified by the search for the subjects quality of life. Surgical intervention is possible due to the current technical quality now available for veterinarians. Since carcinoma is a pathology, often of rapid evolution, the readiness to carry out the a surgical intervention as soon as possible is confirmed. In the specialized literature, castration also aims to minimize the occurrence of this pathology, being therefore indicated for tutors. This report covers a reality that is quite common within current veterinary medicine, where the patient is subjected to a partial mastectomy that involves castration. We conclude by establishing the importance that veterinary medical professionals have in maintaining animal welfare and the importance of trusting tutors when their PETs become subject to pathologies.

Surgical intervention in animal patients affected by different pathologies is indicated so that they will have a better quality of life. Surgical procedures are now possible due to several advances in intervention technologies that are developed and updated for veterinary surgeons. In many cases, promptness in surgical intervention actions is the line of survival that tutors have available to save the lives of their PETs. Nephrectomy, which is the surgical removal of a kidney, may often be indicated as the only way to save the life of an animal patient. Therefore, knowledge about this surgery is very important. In this report, this surgery and those effects resulting from this intervention were addressed. We conclude by establishing the importance that veterinary medical professionals have in maintaining animal welfare and the importance of always being updated and centered on improving their surgical skills. Our results demonstrated that the applied nephrectomy surgery was performed according to expectations.

This manuscript proposes to demonstrate the importance of scientific collections as an effective means of sharing biological/taxonomic information. The organisms from this collection were sampled by Dimítri de Araújo Costa, creator of this collection. The elaboration and maintenance of this type of materials, even without public investment, is essential to safeguard the heritage of a people, which will serve as a basis for future studies and improve connectivity with society, due to its strong link with environmental education.

The aim of this study was to identify the clinical, epidemiologic and laboratorial aspects of dogs with obesity and its possible correlation with other diseases. A total of 30 dogs were studied. Of these, 15 were obese and 15 were not. On the Control Group, there was a total of 10 females (5 neutered and 5 whole) and 5 males (all 5 neutered). On the Obese Group, 11 females (7 neutered and 4 whole) and 4 males (all 4 neutered). The tutors received a form with 12 questions about food management and physical activity, as well as pharmacological and family history. In addition, venous blood samples were collected in animals from both the Control Group and the Obese Group for a Complete Blood Count and dosage of biochemical levels (Alanine Aminotransferase, Alkaline Phosphatase, Albumin, Total Proteins, Urea, Creatinine). Measurements from the abdominal perimeter were taken and using the data the body fat percentage was calculated; an Electrocardiographic evaluation (ECG) was also made, along with the measurement of the systolic, diastolic and medium blood pressure (SBP, DBP and MAP, respectively) and heart rate (HR). The numeric data was submitted under the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by the Tukey’s Test (p<0,05), while the data regarding risk factors was analyzed on a descriptive manner. In both groups, mixed-breed dogs had a significant predominance, about 9 (60%) on the CG and 7 (46,66%) in the Obese Group. Concerning food management, 12 (80%) of the subjects of the Control Group were fed at will and 3 (20%) once a day; the numbers on the use of only pet food, pet food coupled with homemade food, and only homemade food were, respectively, 10 (66,6%), 4 (26,6%) and 1 (6,8%). Also, 11 (73,3%) had frequent physical activities, while the other 4 (26,7%) only occasionally. Additionally, 12 (80%) stayed at the backyard, while 3 (20%) lived in an apartment. There was not any relevant data relating to pharmacological and family history and, according to tutors’ opinions, their dogs were within the ideal weight. On the Obese Group, 8 (53,5%) were fed at will, 5 (33,3%) were fed on a strict and controlled manner, and 2 (13,3%) one time a day, while 9 (60%) of them were given both pet food and homemade food, 5 (33,3%) received only pet food and 1 (6,7%) received pet food sachets and fruit. In this group, 9 (60%) were out, 15 did not practice any type of physical activity, while 3 (20%) practiced frequently and the other 3 (20%) walked occasionally. There were 5 patients (33,3%) with a history of corticosteroid use, and 7 (46,7%) had a family history of obesity. Regarding tutors’ opinions on their pet’s weight, on whether they thought their pet was too thin, on ideal weight, overweight or obese, the data showed, respectively, 2 (13,3%), 4 (26,7%), 8 (53,3%) and 1 (6,7%). The percentage of fat on the Control Group for males and females was, respectively, 18,7 ± 2,2; 22 ± 3, while the abdominal circumference was of 63 ± 20 cm. On subjects from the Obese Group, the values were 40,4 ± 5; 45 ± 4,7 and 65 ± 16,8 cm, respectively. On laboratory exams, the Complete Blood Control did not show any inconsistencies with the normal range and the ALB and FAL were elevated on the Obese Group. The ECG did not show any notable changes. Both groups showed a slight increase in PAS (Control Group = 141 ± 27,72 mmHg; Obese Group = 142 ± 17,23 mmHg), and on the obese animals a raise in PAD (84 ± 22 mmHg) was also recorded. Obesity is a chronical disease that brings a series of bad consequences to the animal well-being, especially the appearance of systemic diseases; the main risk factor for its appearance is incorrect food management and low or nonphysical activity. The main way to prevent the disease is by the correct management of both factors.

How to clarify the relevance of research is a challenge for ecologists since this is not a trivial question for any scientist but may be especially difficult for early-career researchers, who often find more difficulty in providing answers that are synthetic, logical, and cogent. However, a clear answer to this question is critical for obtaining funding and is increasingly required by journal editors in order to send papers to review, let alone to attract readers to the published paper. Here, we argue that relevance should in fact appear in all steps of ecological research, including project preparation (e.g., for funding requests), manuscript submissions, oral communications, and also in media releases. Herein we discuss a framework for ecological relevance based on five key elements: clear connections with theory, knowledge gap, novelty, methodological innovation, and applicability. There are different ways of combining these elements, but in order to make the relevance of a study clear, ecologists should make explicit how these elements are connected with their main research question. Journal editors and grant agencies or donors decide on the relevance of the submitted works or proposals. We argue that categorically deciding whether or not an article is relevant is a delicate issue, particularly if one considers how scientific works can range from a gradient of no relevance to extreme relevance. We hope that with this simple “must-have argument list”, ecologists, especially in early careers, can enhance and show the relevance of their work in improving the field of ecology and, ultimately, human society.

The use of organic waste for manufacturing animal ration is a technique that aims to reduce the waste of organic matter otherwise directed to discharge dumps. At the same time, it represents a source for the production of alternative food for animals such as swine and poultry. This bibliographic review aims to present an alternative formula for the production of animal rations that can improve feeding systems for animals raised in rural areas.