Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) and Phytophthora root and crown rot (PRCR), caused by P. cryptogea, are two major limiting factors affecting peach ( ) production in Chile. At present, Nemaguard is the most important rootstock used in peach orchards, and although several clonal rootstocks are under development worldwide, there is little information regarding their susceptibility to crown gall and PRCR. Therefore this investigation was undertaken to study the susceptibility to A. tumefaciens and P. cryptogea of the clonally propagated rootstocks Cadman®-Avimag (P. persica x P. davidiana), Mr.S 2/5 (P. cerasifera x P. spinosa), Viking ([P. persica x P. davidiana] x [P. dulcis ‘Jordanolo’ x P. blireiana]), and Nemaguard (P. persica x P. davidiana), a seedling rootstock, which was included as a reference standard. Based on our results, Mr.S 2/5 was highly resistant to A. tumefaciens. Differences among Nemaguard, Viking and Cadman grown for 20 months in artifi cally-infested soil were not statistically signifi cant, but only Cadman dev eloped crown gall in soil with natural levels of inoculum. The extent of the canker lesions produced by P. cryptogea on excised twigs of each rootstock was greater on actively growing twigs than on dormant twigs. However, differences among rootstocks determined with the dormant twig assay correlated better with the results following trunk inoculations of 2-yr-old plants budded with ‘Ruby Diamond’ peach. For all rootstocks, PRCR severity increased considerably after repeated soil saturation episodes, and the loss of root mass increased in a linear manner as the saturation periods increased from 0 to 144 h. Our results showed that Mr.S 2/5 is relatively resistant to root rot caused by P. cryptogea, which is the most common Phytophthora species presently found on peach trees in Chile. Las agallas de la corona (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) y la pudrición radical y del cuello causada por Phytophthora cryptogea, son dos factores que limitan considerablemente la producción de durazneros (Prunus persica) en Chile. Actualmente, Nemaguard es el principal portainjerto en huertos de durazneros. Existen varios portainjertos clonales en desarrollo a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, la información existente respecto de la susceptibilidad de estos portainjertos a las agallas de la corona y a la pudrición radical y del cuello es limitada. Por lo tanto, esta investigación tuvo por objetivo estudiar la susceptibilidad a A. tumefaciens y P. cryptogea de los portainjertos clonales Cadman®-Avimag (P. persica x P. davidiana), Mr.S 2/5 ( P. cerasifera x P. spinosa) y Viking ([P. persica x P. davidiana] x [P. dulcis ‘Jordanolo’ x P. blireiana]). Como estándar se incluyó Nemaguard (P. persica x P. davidiana), portainjerto de semilla. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, Mr.S 2/5 fue altamente resistente a A. tumefaciens. Las diferencias obtenidas entre Nemaguard, Viking y Cadman, luego de 20 meses en suelo artifi cialmente infectado, no fueron estadísticamente signifi cativas. No obstante, Cadman fue el único que desarrolló agallas en un suelo naturalmente infectado. El largo de los cancros desarrollados por P. cryptogea en ramillas cortadas fue mayor en ramillas en crecimiento activo que en ramillas obtenidas durante el letargo invernal. Las diferencias entre portainjertos obtenidas en ramillas en letargo se correlacionaron con los resultados obtenidos en inoculaciones realizadas en plantas de dos años de edad, injertadas con duraznero ‘Ruby Diamond’. Para todos los portinjertos, la severidad de la pudrición radical aumentó considerablemente luego de repetidos eventos de saturación del suelo. La pérdida de masa radical aumentó linealmente al aumentar la saturación del suelo entre 0 y 144 h. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que Mr.S 2/5 es relativamente resistente a la pudrición de raíces causada por P. cryptogea que es la principal especies de Phytophthora descrita en duraznero en Chile.

This article aims to discuss the role of the municipality in public security, understanding its limits, challenges and advances. Therefore, the article seeks to present an overview of the relationship between the municipality and public security in recent years; discuss the role of municipal guards in the prevention of violence; present the methodology of municipal action in public security; and briefly analyze some of the municipal experiences in Brazil, pointing out some lessons learned.

David H. Bayley is an internationally recognized scholar of the police who has conducted many studies on the history of the police and the police in contemporary societies. He has shown, from his studies and empirical research, how police can become democratic institutions capable of reducing crime and violence in society: "... the experience in the world is to get the public's respect first, and then you will find people offering the information that really makes the police effective. In other words, I believe that to get police to change, making the case for reform based on effectiveness has far more power than making the case based on norms and values. He reaffirms the importance of evaluation and internal and external control of police work, but says that police officers only collaborate when evaluation and control are aimed at improving the work and increasing the effectiveness of the police.About community policing, he says that it is a police philosophy and not a unit or department of the police. Faced with the multiplicity of experiences identified as "community policing" and the diversity of names given to this type of policing, Bayley proposes to focus attention on the effectiveness of the police and policing: "We have to talk about smart policing and smart policing leads to policing with respect for the public, and policing with respect requires accountability.

In spite of the serious public security situation in Brazil, the country maintains an inefficient, violent and corrupt police model, as well as an essentially repressive criminal policy that has produced high incarceration rates and more violence. The main innovations in experiences of police reform in several countries of the world and the new strategies and approaches in public security in the last three decades have not yet spread to Brazil. This paper assesses the conservative reaction to ideas of change and reform in public security policy in Brazil and proposes two innovative approaches for a policy capable of preventing crime and violence.

Eugenio Raul Zaffaroni is a Justice of the Supreme Court of Argentina, full professor of the Department of Criminal Law and Criminology at the University of Buenos Aires, an honorary doctorate from UFRJ and several other universities, and vice-president of the International Association of Criminal Law. Among his works published in Brazil are "In Search of Lost Penalties", "Brazilian Criminal Law", co-authored with Nilo Batista, "Manual of Brazilian Criminal Law" and "Da Tentativa", both co-authored with José Henrique Pierangeli. Zaffaroni defends a point of view on the penal system that he defines as "marginal realism". He discusses the reality of the peripheral countries, based on which criminal penalties cannot be legally grounded, since they have a political meaning. From these assumptions, linked to a critical criminology, Zaffaroni presents his contributions to penal dogmatics, one of his main contributions in this field is the concept of "guilt by vulnerability" that takes into account the selectivity of the penal system in the application of punishment. Julita Lemgruber, sociologist with a Master's degree from the University Institute for Research in Rio de Janeiro (Iuperj), is director of the Center for Studies in Security and Citizenship at Cândido Mendes University (CESeC-UCAM), a board member of the International Center for Prison Studies (London), and a board member of the Altus Global Alliance (The Hague). She was director of the Department of the Penitentiary System and Police Ombudsman of the State of Rio de Janeiro. She is the author of the books "Quem vigia osvigias?" (2003) and "Cemitério dos vivos: análise sociológica de uma prisão de mulheres" (1998).

This article presents the results of the study on the trends and challenges of police professional training for the qualification of police work in contemporary Brazilian society. The study is based on bibliographic and field research. The bibliographic research consisted of a review of specialized national and international literature on the role, functions and place of this activity in the State and in society, in different national contexts, focusing particularly on everyday police practices. The field research was carried out in the Civil Police and Military Police academies of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the period from 1999 to 2005.

O artigo descreve os eventos que produziram instabilidade no sistema penitenciário no Estado de São Paulo desdeo governo Franco Montoro (1982-1986) até o governo Geraldo Alckmin e Cláudio Lembo (2002-2006), analisando adireção, mais conservadora ou mais democrática, das principais políticas e ações governamentais nessa área.

O artigo analisa a participação do município no sistema de segurança pública do Brasil e focaliza a experiência dacidade de Santos, cuja Secretaria Municipal de Segurança desenvolve um plano de segurança para a cidade. O autorargumenta que ações municipais são importantes para a melhoria da segurança pública, mas a consolidação e ofortalecimento da participação dos municípios no sistema de segurança pública depende de regulamentação legal eda destinação de recursos federal, estaduais e municipais para o setor.

Las infecciones producidas por Pseudomonas aeruginosa causan altas tasas de morbimortalidad en pacientes con factores predisponentes. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo - retrospectivo en el laboratorio de Microbiología Clínica del Centro Municipal de Higiene y Epidemiología de Güines, en el período comprendido de enero del 2004 a diciembre del 2005, con el objetivo de conocer la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en 160 cepas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa aisladas de pacientes otitis externa aguda,frente a 14 drogas antimicrobianas. Se apreció valores de sensibilidad superiores al 80% para las drogas azlocilina, ticarcilina, amikacina y gentamicina y de 71.2% para la ceftazidima. El 40.6% de las cepas presentó resistencia al trimetoprim – sulfametoxazol. Los resultados de este estudio indican que es necesario continuar la vigilancia de la susceptibilidad de los microorganismos a los agentes antibacterianos, para guiar la terapia antimicrobiana de forma empírica.

Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica en la que se describe la Anatomofisiología ósea en la osteoporosis. Basándonos en los conocimientos más actuales de la fisiología normal y patológica. Exponiendo los factores que influyen en la consecución de un pico de masa ósea adecuada, regulación de la resorción ósea, de la formación ósea y del remodelado óseo. Incluyendo los marcadores bioquímicos del remodelado óseo y la patogenia de la enfermedad. Para ello se utilizaron las bases de datos MEDLINE, EBSCO, HOST, DOYMA y la Literatura internacional de Medicina de los años 1989 hasta la fecha; también se incluyen algunos clásicos de la temática, localizados en los órganos de información del Sistema Nacional de Ciencias Médicas.