Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

During the past few years, the Technical-Professional Secondary Education modality has developed in both quantitative (an increasing number of secondary students are choosing it) and qualitative (new learning contents and new teaching models are demanded) terms, giving rise to a significant reduction in the number of qualified teachers for the different educational centres (both secondary and higher). This article aims to present some of the characteristics of the Enseñanza TécnicoProfesional Training Model, for both academic and technical teachers, currently designed at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, and further presented to the national educational community.

The knowledge-based society economic growth and technological change are modifying the organization of remunerated work and the dynamics of employment. The labour-competencies approach provides a means to face these transformations in the area of business administration and in the training for work, as well as in work itself. In Chile and in Latin America this approach has developed quite substantially, especially in the curricular and teaching field. Remarkable developments have taken place in the area of technical and vocational training. The concept of competence linked to work performance is stillbeing developed, and, hence still subject to debate. However, its contribution to the design of life-long learning systems is unquestionable since it has provided a means to facilitate the coordination of the formative levels and modalities.

Work force competence is an important instrument for the creation of a Educación Técnico Profesional curriculum, whether for inservice training, technicalprofessional secondary education or technical training centres. Furthermore, it constitutes an important factor that allows ongoing education in the area of Professional Training, as it makes it possible to establish the different levels for these three types of formation, based on the professional profiles. The first experience in Chile of creating a study programme with a work competencies approach, was the one developed by the Ministry of Education, for La Educación Media Técnico Profesional. This paper describes the criteria and methodology used to develop the modules for this educational level. One chapter deals with the development of work competencies in the entrepreneurial area, related to Dual training, describing the characteristics presented in that learning process, namely workers transferring their work competencies to young apprentices, which constitutes this learning modality’s main strength.

Higher education institutions should be dynamic, in order to respond efficiently to the new needs of the entrepreneurial world. Various theories have set forth many approaches to face this issue; one of them refers to “competence-based learning”. Although much has been written in this respect, the effective implementation of these theoretical proposals in the daily practice of an institution is highly complex. In this article, INACAP presents its experience: as a long-standing Technical and Vocational Training Centre and Adult Education Institute, it has noticed how useful it can be for a great number of students. This article describes how INACAP has implemented the competence based learning theories in its study programmes, in response to a working world that urgently needs them for its development. INACAP shares some of its experiences regarding how it has faced this new curricular approach, without focusing on a theoretical level but basically presenting its own experience.

The following reflection constitutes an invitation to rethink, from a psychosocio-linguistic perspective, some of the challenges imposed by the design and orientation of teaching situations present in the constructivism form of action, and its relationship with the teacher’s discursive competency development, since the latter lies in the construction of teaching discourses of a constructivist nature.

Introducción: Conocer el estado de conciencia es fundamental para la anestesia quirúrgica. Tradicionalmente se realiza por valoración clínica del anestesiólogo. Actualmente, se aboga su medición con dispositivos de monitoraje como el BIS, Alaris y más recientemente el CSM. Objetivo: Analizar la efectividad del monitor de estado cerebral danmeter CSM CE 0543 durante la anestesia general. Método: Se estudiaron seis pacientes operados de revascularización coronaria con el corazón latiendo, con una técnica anestésica de recuperación rápida con epidural torácica alta mas anestesia general con fentanilo en bolos e isoflorano. Se midió el índice de conciencia cerebral (CSI) y se comparó con la valoración clínica intraoperatoria. Resultados: La anestesia tuvo una duración promedio de 251.6 minutos. Se empleó entre 450 y 900 µg de fentanilo y se logró la extubación, como promedio en 140 minutos del postoperatorio, con un valor medio del índice de conciencia cerebral entre 38 y 51 durante la cirugía y de 92,8 al momento de la extubación. Se obtuvo muy buena correlación entre la valoración clínica del estado anestésico y los valores índices de conciencia cerebral Conclusiones: El monitor (CSM) parece ser una herramienta útil para conducir una anestesia general con mejor control desu profundidad. Sus bajas cifras en el intraoperatorio sugieren que es posible reducir las dosis de narcóticos de inducción y al final de la intervención.

Introducción: El síndrome pre-eclámptico constituye una de las principales causas de incremento en la morbimortalidad materno fetal durante el embarazo en el segundo y tercer trimestre. Objetivos: dentificar la conducta anestésica en las pacientes portadoras de síndrome pre-eclampsia eclampsia, así como sufisiopatología, su repercusión sobre órganos y sistemas y las drogas de uso frecuente en su tratamiento. Desarrollo: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura sobre el tema, en el cual se abordó la problemática de la pacientes portadoras de síndrome pre-eclampsia eclampsia y la conducta anestésica para enfrentar con éxito su tratamiento. Los factores de riesgos ganan cada vez más la atención e incluyen las alteraciones inflamatorias, metabólicas y trombofílicas. La hipertensión en la pre-eclámpsia o la hipertensión crónica sobreañadida, representan solo una parte de los grandes problemas y alteraciones orgánicas en este síndrome. La progresión del proceso, el empeoramiento de lahipertensión, las coagulopatías y las disfunciones orgánicas han conllevado ha modificar la estrategia sobre la conducta anestésica en estas pacientes. Conclusiones: La conducta anestésica en estas enfermas, constituye un reto al anestesiólogo. La repercusión de la enfermedad sobre la madre y el fetorequieren una preparación adecuada para poder realizar con éxito cualquier procedimiento anestésico quirúrgico y así poder disminuir la morbimortalidad por esta causa.

A descriptive and cross-sectional study on the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of the maxillofacial trauma due to bicycle accident was undertaken in 194 patients with buccofacial injuries that received attention at the Emergency Maxillofacial Surgery Service of "Saturnino Lora" Clinical and Surgical Hospital in Santiago de Cuba from October 1, 1998 to December 31, 1999. It was observed that fall was the accident that caused the highest number of injured persons, mainly non-severe, whereas collision produced the greatest percentage of severe injuries and deaths. The injuries of the soft tissue prevailed in this type of accident, above all in the contusions and lacerations, generally caused by the fall, which was the mechanism that originated the largest number and diversity of the osteal injuries, with predominance of the zygomatic, palatoalveolar and mandibular fractures. The collision stood out in the production of combined nasal, nasoethmoidal and Le Fort fractures. The most affected region was the cranium. It also showed the highest diversity and severity of the injuries associated with facial traumatisms. It was observed a predominance of the non-severe maxillofacial injuries, which were compatible with the non-surgical procedures and received ambulatory care.

Se realizó una revisión documental mediante revistas, libros, tesis y otros documentos en formato electrónico acerca de la epidemiología de los trastornos de la articulación temporomandibular, con el objetivo de actualizar el material existente y ampliar nuestros conocimientos sobre esta alteración. En nuestro país se han llevado a cabo en las 2 últimas décadas, varios estudios epidemiológicos sobre los trastornos temporomandibulares (TTM) y se ha hecho un esfuerzo notable por esclarecer su causa. De forma general, se acepta la idea de que el origen de los disturbios funcionales del sistema estomatognático es multifactorial, pero a pesar de que tanto en niños como en adultos la prevalencia de los trastornos temporomandibulares (TTM) ha sido alta, no se ha evidenciado un factor causal predominante. La literatura alude que estas disfunciones afectan a un porcentaje muy elevado de la población mundial (80 %), con una edad media de 34 años y una proporción de 3 mujeres por cada hombre. Este dato es muy interesante, porque los estudios precisan que las mujeres de edades comprendidas entre los 25 y los 35 años presentan trastornos temporomandibulares (TTM) con más asiduidad.

In the last decades, numerous investigations have been made on the study of potential mechanisms involved in the development of dental caries and their prevention. However, in spite of the gradual reduction of dental caries in the population, a lot of patients need to have their dental caries treated and different materials are continuously used searching for one that before the aggression to the pulp helps it to give a biological response, conserving this way its integrity. That's why the activity of the alkaline phosphatase of the pulp in the caries process is important as a reaction to the calcium hydroxide that is constantly utilized in the teaching-health service network of the country. 50 monoradicular teeth with living pulp and with caries of second, third and fourth degree, and 50 sound teeth from patients of different ages were selected. The pulp of each tooth was extracted and impressions were made (3 per sample). One of them was processed to obtain morphological guidance and the other two to assess the activity of alkaline phosphatase. The cobalt calcium method and Gomori's alpha naphthol phosphate method were used to this end. As a result, it was proved that the pulp has a higher enzymatic activity in deep caries and that the age of the patient does not determine the increase or decrease of this activity.