Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

In Colombia, agricultural exports have become notoriously prevalent in recent years, causing the creation of new methods capable of increasing production in order to meet the global demands. A very efficient option is the use of greenhouses, given their low building cost, ease of construction, ability to protect crops from natural phenomena and plagues, and the possibility to keep the internal temperature steady during day and night, thus allowing crops to grow fast and healthy. Nowadays, advancements in electronics have allowed boosting the positive effects of these environments, which is why this document introduces a procedure for the implementation of an automated pyramid-type greenhouse, utilizing techniques related to Precision Agriculture (PA) and based on concepts related to the Internet of Things (IoT) for remote monitoring through emerging communication technologies such as the NFRL2401 cards and the Arduino Nano and Mega boards. Inside the greenhouse, variables such as temperature and ambient humidity are measured and controlled via the PCE-P30U Universal Input Signal Converter Data Logger, while ground humidity is monitored by ZD510 capacitive sensors. Outside, variables such as temperature, ambient humidity, negative and positive pressure, and wind speed are measured. Data obtained is taken wirelessly to the server using Windows Server 2019 Datacenter, with Broker MQTT EMQ-X services and MYSQL databases, providing a suitable and efficient environment for agricultural research processes. With the procedure developed in this document, a baseline is proposed for the implementation of a smart greenhouse that can be replicated and used as a test system for smart sowing processes, adapting to the different climate and production conditions of the country.

Programming courses (CS1) have the highest academic mortality rate, this is reflected in the low grades of the students, which indicates that the students do not reach the academic competencies. In this sense, looking for new ways to improve the learning of the students of the CS1 course, this article proposes an analytical rubric based on academic competencies for collaborative programming activities supported by an automatic source code evaluation tool that allows to improve the qualifications and reach the competencies proposed in the course. A rubric was designed with 16 evaluation criteria that were divided into three activities which were presented by an experimental group (EG) of 18 students and a control group (CG) of 24 students. In the GE, a collaboration between students was used, while in the CG, students work individually. After finishing the activities, using an analytical rubric, the deliveries of each student were evaluated to identify if they achieved the learning results expected by the course. The results show that the use of collaboration achieves that students manage to win a learning competition in 17 % more than if they do it individually. In addition, other social skills associated with collaboration are highlighted, such as friendship, motivation and group understanding. The development of strategies that allow to evaluate the competences, not only indicate that the student manages to acquire a skill, but also allows the student to identify their shortcomings in the programming tasks.

The aim of this research was to analyze the performance indicators of the cognitive ability creating, indicators that are promoted in the educational activities of the textbooks of Natural Sciences of the Seventh and Eighth grade of Chilean primary Education. The type of research was descriptive, and, through multi-methods, quantitative and qualitative elements were integrated to respond to the purpose of the study. The data was collected using a scheme of a priori categories, based on indicators of creativity, which definitions were built from the literature review. The results show that, among the indicators of creating, the most frequent are elaborating and designing (19.23%); and that in all the thematic units present in the school textbooks, there are educational activities that promote the cognitive ability to create, although its registration frequency fluctuates between 5.26% and 15.38%. In conclusion, in the Natural Sciences textbooks, cognitive skills of the creating level are promoted; however, the frequency is low and insufficient for students to generate ideas, provide solutions and formulate proposals.

Using cassava roots waste (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a biochar-type material was synthesized for removal of dyes. Work was carried out with cassava flour summited to 673 K and 80 mbar. The material was characterized by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction analysis (PDRX). These analyses showed that the obtained material was thermally stable with sphere aggregates (10 µm diameter), amorphous structure of lignocellulose and type A starch crystalline structure. Synthesized biochar adsorbed methyl orange (116,4 ± 0,2 mg/g and methyl green (94,2 ± 0,2 mg/g) at 308 K. the foregoing demonstrates the ability of this material to remedy contaminated water.

The success of a functional coating is intrinsically linked to the improvement of its surface properties, as it is the surface that will be in direct contact with the environment and mechanical stresses when the material is used in severe wear, fatigue, or corrosion applications. It has been shown, for example, by increasing mechanical properties, that factors such as surface hardness increase the durability of the coating/substrate system. Consequently, current research on the design and development of multifunctional coatings for surface engineering within mechanical systems must address surface treatment and modification techniques. This article is a bibliographic review of coatings with industrial applications regarding transition metal nitrides deposited with physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques such as sputtering and cathodic arc.

Introducción: El método recomendado para la medición de consumo de antimicrobianos (AMB) en pediatría es el cálculo del indicador Días de Terapia estandarizado por ocupación (DOT-std). Sin embargo, en hospitales que no cuentan con fichas electrónicas, obtener el numerador de los días de terapia (DOT) requiere revisión directa de las indicaciones del paciente, dificultando su aplicabilidad.Objetivos: Validar el sistema de registros electrónicos de dispensación de medicamentos desde farmacia como fuente para el cálculo de DOT y DOT-std en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátrica (UCIP).Materiales y Métodos: Se revisaron las prescripciones de AMB desde la ficha clínica (método manual) y se compararon con los registros de dispensación de AMB a la UCIP (método informático) obtenidos del sistema de medicamentos de farmacia. Se evaluó la concordancia entre los DOT obtenidos mediante el Coeficiente de Correlación Intraclase.Resultados: Los AMB más utilizados fueron vancomicina, meropenem y piperacilina/tazobactam. En 9 de 12 AMB se encontró concordancia significativa entre ambos métodos.Conclusiones: Tras un proceso de validación local, los registros del sistema informático de dispensación de medicamentos desde farmacia podrían utilizarse para el cálculo de DOT en pediatría en hospitales que no cuenten con una ficha electrónica que permita su cálculo directo.

ObjetivoDeterminar la prevalencia de infección asintomática por Chlamydia trachomatis en la población menor de 21 años de la Provincia de Osorno, Chile.Materiales y métodosSe desarrolló un estudio de diseño transversal con una cohorte única de mujeres adolescentes consultantes en el policlínico de alto riesgo obstétrico y de ginecología infantil y adolescente,  entre enero de 2019 y enero 2020. Se determinó el estado de infección asintomática mediante PCR en tiempo real para C. trachomatis. Se realizó una encuesta a fin de determinar características demográficas, hábitos y conductas sexuales de las pacientes estudiadas.ResultadosFueron reclutadas 124 mujeres entre 12 a 21 años de edad, de las cuales, 36 (29,3%) de las mujeres se encontraban embarazadas al momento del estudio. La prevalencia de infección asintomática por C. trachomatis fue de 11,2%. En las mujeres gestantes se encontraron 6 (16,7%) casos positivos de infección por C. trachomatis y 8 en las no gestantes (9,1%). Existe una mayor frecuencia de infección asintomática a menor edad de inicio de actividad sexual (40% < de 12 años, 16% entre 13-14 años, 8% en >15 años; p<0.05). Esta tendencia no fue observada al comparar el estado de infección con el tiempo de vida sexual activa. Sólo un 15.7% de las pacientes utilizó preservativo en todas sus relaciones sexuales. DiscusiónLa infección asintomática por C. trachomatis es frecuente en las mujeres adolescentes sexualmente activas. Se requiere con urgencia establecer la frecuencia nacional de infección y desarrollar una estrategia sanitaria para su pesquisa y manejo oportuno en nuestro país.

Trichophyton violaceum is an anthropophilic dermatophyte endemic in Africa, Europe, Central America and China. The increase in human mobility has recently contributed to the appearance in non-endemic areas. The main clinical manifestation is tinea capitis followed by tinea corporis.We present the first case in Chile of tinea caused by T. violaceum. The case was a 21 year-old Chilean woman who presented asymptomatic facial plaques one month after arriving from Tanzania, Africa, with no clinical response to previous medical treatments.An allochthonous dermatophytosis was suspected and with special cultures, a slow-growing colony was identified with a violet-blackish color, waxy and rough surface, and velvety villi; all characteristics of T. violaceum. The diagnosis was confirmed by ribosomal DNA sequencing amplifying the ITS region. She was treated with oral terbinafine obtaining a complete clinical response.

Infection by yeast of the Cryptococcus genus can cause a wide range of clinical manifestations, depending on whether it is an invasive infection or not. Susceptible patients, especially those with invasive forms, share the compromise of cellular immunity, either due to primary or secondary conditions.The most studied group is that of people living with HIV. Mortality is high, especially in resource-poor settings. The treatment scheme is in phases, initially combined, to then continue with monotherapy for a prolonged period, depending on the duration of the underlying risk factor.We review the evidence and update recommendations.

Background: The quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater is a tool that allows determining the trend of viral circulation in a particular geographical area.Aim: To quantify the SARS-CoV-2 virus in 15 wastewater treatment plants in different Chilean cities to establish a comparison with the variables of: i) Active cases per 100,000 inhabitants; ii) daily positivity (novel cases); and iii) phases of the lockdown strategy.Methods: SARS-CoV-2 was concentrated from wastewater samples. To obtain the number of virus genomes per liter, absolute quantification was performed using qRT-PCR.Results: Between January and June 2021, 253 samples were processed, all of which were positive for the presence of the virus. Likewise, it will be determined that the rate of active cases per 100,000 inhabitants is the variable that best fits the trends obtained with the quantification of the viral load in wastewater.Conclusions: The quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater as a continuous strategy is an efficient tool to determine the trend of the virus in a delimited geographical area and, combined with genomic surveillance, it can constitute an ideal sentinel surveillance alert on future outbreaks.