Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

This paper addresses the issue of human rights due diligence from an Inter-American and international human rights law perspective. Although States in the region have largely neglected to establish a uniform and systemic regulatory framework, the case law of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights imposes a binding obligation—by virtue of the principle of conventionality control and Article 2 of the American Convention on Human Rights (1969)—to regulate this matter. The paper explores how recent rulings have operationalized the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, establishing them as a normatively binding obligation under international law pursuant to the duty of guarantee set forth in Article 1.1 of the Convention. Additionally, the article proposes six foundational pillars that any regulatory framework in this area should incorporate within its compliance programs. It also examines the evolving role of the compliance officer, now envisioned as an "auxiliary" of the Inter-American Human Rights System, beyond merely serving as a manager of corporate private interests. Finally, the paper suggests the establishment of a state oversight or verification mechanism, which should be entrusted to an independent body separate from the Executive Branch.

This study aimed to assess the standards of sufficient reasoning within Ecuador’s jurisdictional guarantees and their effectiveness in protecting fundamental rights. A qualitative-documentary method was used, analyzing Constitutional Court Judgment 1694-21-EP/24 alongside relevant doctrine and comparative jurisprudence in constitutional law. The findings reveal that, while the Constitutional Court has established specific criteria for judicial reasoning, implementation issues persist, especially in lower courts, where judicial reasoning is often insufficient or ambiguous. Additionally, the Court’s interpretive flexibility allows some reasoning elements to remain implicit, which can result in subjective interpretations and inconsistency. Comparative analysis with international systems, such as those in Spain, Chile, and Colombia, highlighted similar challenges and underscored Ecuador’s need for clearer standards to reduce subjectivity. The study concludes that ongoing judicial training and the creation of practical guidelines are crucial to achieving consistency in reasoning standards, thereby strengthening due process rights and enhancing Ecuador’s judicial system.

In the field of legal transactions, juridical traffic is often distorted by the complex figure of simulation, a mechanism capable of obscuring the true nature of agreements and generating intricate legal dilemmas. This article examines a complex case of simulation in which judicial practice once again scrutinizes the legal concepts underlying this phenomenon. This commentary analyzes the causa simulandi and its role in the simulation process —whether as an external, contingent element distinct from the cause of the simulated agreement or as a structural and defining component of any simulation. Consequently, it also explores the lawfulness or unlawfulness of the simulated agreement, with particular emphasis on the specific purpose pursued (causa concreta) in the simulation. Ultimately, the analysis concludes that, in all cases —including the one at hand— the focus should be on the true underlying transaction (negocio disimulado) rather than on the apparent simulated agreement (negocio simulado).

This article examines how, and at what stage of the proceedings, victims—or their legal representatives—may provide consent for the conduct of expert examinations. The analysis is based on the case law of all Criminal Courts of Appeal. The main conclusion is that prevailing jurisprudence holds that a victim’s attendance at an expert examination implies both consent to the procedure and a waiver of medical confidentiality. A minority view argues that the victim must personally waive medical confidentiality at the indictment control hearing, without the mediation of the Public Prosecutor’s Office. Furthermore, while legal scholarship supports the capacity of adolescents to provide consent independently, case law generally requires parental consent on their behalf. With respect to deceased victims, expert examinations are permitted without the consent of either their heirs or their legal representatives.

Background: Inguinal hernia repair (IHR) in older adults appears to be associated with a higher rate of complications. As the incidence of complicated hernias, morbidity and mortality are higher in this age group, the management of these patients is still a matter of debate.Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the results of IHR in patients < than 75 years versus those 75 years of age or older.Material and methods: We included a consecutive series of patients undergoing IHR from January 2013 to December 2022, with a minimum follow-up of 6 months. Older adults were defined as patients of 75 years of age or older and the sample was divided into two groups, G1: patients < 75 years of age and G2: patients 75 years of age or older. The demographic and operative variables and the postoperative outcomes were analyzed.Results: A total of 2739 IHR procedures were performed in 2089 patients, 1744 (83.5%) in G1 and 345 (16.5%) patients in G2. Emergency IHR was more common in G2: 9.2% vs. G1: 1.9% (p < 0.001). The overall rate of complications was similar in both groups; however, there were more surgical site events in G2 (G1: 4.9% vs. G2: 8.7%; p = 0.004). The recurrence rate was similar in both groups. Two patients died (0.5%). Both patients were in G2(p = 0.03) and presented strangulated hernias requiring emergency surgery.Conclusions: Emergency surgery is more frequently required in patients ≥ 75 years of age with inguinal hernia.

  El objetivo del presente trabajo es comunicar el análisis de los aspectos epistemológicos del curriculum de los Profesorados de Educación Inicial, Primaria y Secundaria en Biología de la Provincia de Misiones (Argentina) en relación con la Educación para la Salud (EpS) y la Educación Ambiental (EA). La metodología utilizada en la investigación fue cualitativa por medio del análisis de documentos. Los principales resultados dan cuenta que en los planes de estudios de los tres profesorados se encontraría implícita una concepción de salud holística, aunque el enfoque de la EpS es variado. La promoción de la salud para los Profesorados de Educación Inicial y Primaria estaría centrada en el cambio de comportamientos individuales y los estilos de vida. En tanto para la Educación Secundaria en Biología se proponen acciones que tienden a aumentar la salud individual y colectiva a través de la participación activa. En relación con la prevención se presenta vinculada a enfermedades regionales y acordes a las problemáticas de salud de las infancias y adolescencias. En los tres planes de los profesorados se visualiza una concepción de ambiente como naturaleza. Además, en el de Educación Secundaria en Biología, se propone el abordaje del ambiente como recurso y como problema. En cuanto a la EA los enfoques son variados.

 Se presenta una síntesis de la Tesis para optar por el Título de Doctora en Enseñanza de las Ciencias Exactas y Naturales de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Nacional del Comahue. La investigación consta de un problema de estudio complejo con tres dimensiones que se articulan entre ellas. Una dimensión amplia indaga sobre las concepciones de Ciencia y enseñanza de las Ciencias Naturales por parte del Profesorado de Nivel Inicial en ejercicio de la Provincia de Río Negro y Neuquén. Una segunda dimensión analiza, mediante investigación colaborativa, la elaboración y puesta en aula de una propuesta didáctica para cuatro aulas de cinco años del Jardín de Infantes N°1 de la Ciudad de Cipolletti. La propuesta se centró en el recorte del ambiente de las plantas del ecosistema de monte, sus adaptaciones y condiciones de germinación. La tercera dimensión se ocupa de estudiar, de manera  interpretativa, las representaciones externas permanentes realizadas por las y los infantes durante el desarrollo de la propuesta.   Los resultados indican que las docentes de Nivel Inicial combinan concepcionespositivistas y constructivistas de Ciencia, desacuerdan con la enseñanza por transferencia y acuerdan por igual con dimensiones tanto de la enseñanza por descubrimiento como por indagación. La propuesta elaborada da cuenta de que la enseñanza por indagación modelizadora es la más acorde y significativa para el Nivel Inicial y que la Educación Basada en Restauración presenta un enfoque complejo para abordar problemáticas ambientales en el sistema educativo. Así mismo, se concluye que los niños y las niñas pueden desarrollar diferentes metodologías de indagación infantil con la guía dialógica de la docencia y que las representaciones externas se presentan como lenguajes infantiles de ciencia escolar que favorecen y refuerzan el aprendizaje en ciencias.