Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

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Objective. To estimate the prevalence of suicidal ideation (SI) and the association with social determinants (SD) in the Mexican population during the Covid-19 pandemic. Mate­rials and methods. Data from the survey of Distance Psychological Care for Mental Health were used due to the Covid-19 Contingency, obtained from 2020. Sample of 79 665. Logistic regression models were performed obtaining odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Re­sults. The prevalence of SI was 17.1% (women: 18.8%, men: 14.4%). The main associated SDs were: being a woman (OR = 1.11; CI95% 1.06,1.13), young women (OR = 1.30; CI95% 1.09,1.54), education (OR = 1.89; CI95% 1.14,3.12), single (OR = 1.31; CI95% 1.24,1.38), unemployment (OR = 2.33; CI95% 2.21,2.45), social distancing (OR 1.81; CI95% 1.68,1.96), living alone (OR 1.18; CI95% 1.10,1.27), loss of family member due to Covid-19 (OR = 1.41; 95%CI 1.30,1.54), depression diag­nosis (OR = 5.72; 95%CI 5.41,6.05), physical violence (OR = 2.71; 95%CI 2.49,2.95), excessive alcohol consumption (OR = 1.68; 95%CI 1.58,1.79), drug use (OR = 3.13; 95%CI 2.88,3.41) and suspicion or diagnosis of Covid-19 (OR = 1.79; 95% CI 1.67-1.89). Conclusions. The prevalence of SI during the Covid-19 pandemic was high; the relevance of the structural and intermediate SD that influence SI is herein discussed.

Objective. To explore the use of birth care in a Sentinel Unit. Materials and methods. We interviewed eight health providers and 12 female users of health services to explore the main reasons to use birth care in a Sentinel Unit. Results. Findings indicate that the reasons for which health providers do not attend births were fear of legal claims by users, lack of institutional support if complications arise, lack of training, not feeling confident in obstetric care, and the lack of necessary supplies. Female users mentioned the perception of a lack of trained physicians and a lack of necessary materials and medicines. Conclusions. Despite the strengthening of the infrastructure and human resources, as well as a 24/365 model attention and the increase of health personnel in the sentinel units, there are still significant barriers in certain units to achieve compliance with coverage of quality obstetric care focused on the needs of women.

Objective. To assess larvicide and adulticide activity of different native strains of fungi on Aedes aegypti. Materials and methods. Third instar larvae were exposed for 72 h at a concentration of 1x108 conidia/ml of 15 fungi; only fungi that significantly affected the larvae were evaluated against the adult phase at a concentration of 2x1010 conidia/ml. Mortality readings were performed at 24, 48, and 72 h for larvae, and every day to 30 days for adults. Results. Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Aspergillus aculeatus, and Metarhizium anisopliae had the best larvicidal activity at 24 h of exposure (p<0.05), causing mortalities of 100, 72, and 62%, respectively. Adult mosquitoes were more affected by Gliocladium virens (45% mortality), M. anisopliae (30% mortality), and T. longibrachiatum (23.33% mortality). Conclusion. The larval stage of Ae. aegypti was more susceptible than the adult phase to the pathogenic action of native fungi, with T. longibrachiatum being with the highest virulence.

Objective. To identify the enzyme-mediated insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti in Tapachula, Mexico. Materials and methods. Biochemical assays were undertaken to determine the enzyme levels in mosquitoes from 22 sites collected in 2018 and 2020 in Tapachula. Results of 2018 were correlated with the resistance to insecticides pub­lished. Results. Mosquitoes had higher levels than those of the susceptible strain in 2018 and 2020 respectively of α-esterases in 15 and 12 sites; β-esterases in 7 and 6 sites; glutathione-S-transferases in 11 and 19 sites; ρNPA-esterases in 21 and 17 sites; and cytochromes P450 in 20 and 22 sites. In mosquitoes of 2018, there was a moderate correlation between previously documented Malathion resistance ratios and the insensitive acetylcholinesterase (r=0.459, p= 0.03). Conclusions. The elevated enzyme levels found indicate its contribution to the resistance to pyrethroids and organo­phosphates already published in mosquitoes from Tapachula. Bioassays using enzyme inhibitors resulted in greater mor­tality, confirming that metabolism contributes to resistance.

Objective. To interrogate the circulating SARS-CoV-2 lin­eages and recombinant variants in persons living in migrant shelters and persons who inject drugs (PWID). Materials and methods. We combined data from two studies with marginalized populations (migrants in shelters and persons who inject drugs) in Tijuana, Mexico. SARS-CoV-2 variants were identified on nasal swabs specimens and compared to publicly available genomes sampled in Mexico and California. Results. All but 2 of the 10 lineages identified were predomi­nantly detected in North and Central America. Discrepan­cies between migrants and PWID can be explained by the temporal emergence and short time span of most of these lineages in the region. Conclusion. The results illustrate the temporo-spatial structure for SARS-CoV-2 lineage dispersal and the potential co-circulation of multiple lineages in high-risk populations with close social contacts. These conditions create the potential for recombination to take place in the California-Baja California border.

Objective. To assess how first experimenting with ciga­rettes or e-cigarettes is associated with current use in Gua­temala, a middle-income country with weak tobacco control and no e-cigarette regulations. Materials and methods. We surveyed students from private schools in Guatemala City, limiting analyses to ever users (n=1 026). Multinomial logistic models regressed current product use on first product used, adjusting for sociodemographics and friends and family use. Results. The most common first product used was e-cigarettes (56%), followed by flavored cigarettes (24%) and regular cigarettes (20%). At the time of the survey, 4% were exclusive smokers, 37% were exclusive e-cigarette users, 18% dual users, and 40% had ever tried either but were not current users. Compared to those who first tried cigarettes, students who first tried e-cigarettes were less likely to be current smokers (RR=0.19 [CI: 0.11,0.31]) or dual users (RR=0.26 [CI: 0.14,0.49]) and students who first tried flavored cigarettes were more likely to be current smokers (RR=1.66 [CI=1.13,2.42]). Conclusions. In our sample, Guatemalan adolescents from private schools more frequently experiment and continue to use e-cigarettes than cigarettes. There is urgent need to implement e-cigarette restrictions in addition to tobacco control policy implementation.

Objective. To describe the process used to design a com­munication strategy aimed at promoting the use of warning labels and choosing healthy foods among Mexican children and adolescents. Materials and methods. This was a four-phase study among school-aged children, adolescents, and caretakers: 1) formative research (18 focus groups, n= 179); 2) co-creation workshops with children and adoles­cents (n= 33); 3) design of the communication strategy, based on the COM-B model, and 4) pilot-testing (six focus groups, n= 52). Results. The communication strategy should improve the understanding of warning labels and the knowledge about the relation between critical ingredients (calories, saturated fat, trans fat, sodium, sweeteners, and caffeine) and disease, highlight the favorable consequences of healthy eating and the negative effects of the excessive consumption of foods with warning labels, highlight that natural foods are cheaper and of better quality than foods with warning labels, and provide options of healthy and at­tractive food preparations with natural foods. Conclusion. Formative research and the participation of children and adolescents in the creation of the strategy were essential for the design of a culturally relevant strategy with impact potential. The process and results of this study may inform efforts in contexts similar to Mexico.

Objective. Report the prevalence of depression, resilience, and risk factors among healthcare workers (HCW) during Co­vid-19. Materials and methods. This is an observational cross-sectional study derived from the ongoing international, prospective multicentric study “The COVID-19 HEalth caRe wOrk­Ers Study” (HEROES). A convenience sample of 2 127 HCW was obtained from Chiapas and Jalisco between May 19th and July 24th 2020. Depression was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire, resilience with the Brief Resilience Scale and a Covid risk scale was developed. Model-adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) and an additive interaction model were performed. Results. Moderate-severe depression was found in 16.6% of HCW. Those from Jalisco, physicians, in hospitals, with chronic illness and mental health history were more depressed. The interaction between resilience and risk showed that, compared to those with no risk and medium/high resilience, HCW at risk with medium/high resilience had a 2.38 PR for depression while those at risk and low resilience had a PR of 5.83. Conclusion. This evidence points the need to develop strategies to enhance resilience and reduce the risk in HCW.

Objective. To identify the associated factors to the consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) in the Mexican adult population since its consumption has increased exponentially worldwide. Materials and methods. An online survey was applied to 5 038 Mexican adults to evaluate the frequency of NNS consumption and classify the population in tertiles. The sociodemographic, lifestyle and health status characteristics of the participants were compared by gradient of NNS consumption, and a multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine the associated factors to the NNS consumption. Results. The variables that showed a positive association (p≤0.01) with the consumption of NNS were economic income, BMI, smoking, physical activity, diet quality, the presence of chronic diseases (diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemias), and the consumption of fruit. The age and the consumption of confectionery and sugar-sweetened beverages were negatively associated (p<0.01) with the consumption of NNS. Conclusion. The results of this study help to characterize the target population that is a consumer of NNS since it is recommended not encourage the preference for sweet taste and to promote a decrease in the consumption of both caloric and NNS, preferring the natural flavor of food.