Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento da equipe de enfermagem quanto aos fatores que induzem a pneumonia associada í  ventilação mecânica e respectivas intervenções e condutas. Método: Trata-se de um estudo exploratório descritivo, de abordagem quantitativa. A coleta de dados ocorreu através da aplicação de um questionário semi estruturado contendo questões abertas e fechadas, após aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, no Núcleo do Hospital de Força Aérea de São Paulo. Resultados: Incluí­dos 14 (100%) profissionais, sendo 7 (50%) enfermeiros e 7 (50%) técnicos de enfermagem. Em relação í s condições do paciente, a idade avançada foi considerada o principal fator de risco pelos profissionais 12 (85,7%).  Em relação ao uso do ventilador mecânico, a intubação e reintubação traqueal foram consideradas o principal fator de risco por 13 (92,8%) dos profissionais, seguida do tempo prolongado de ventilação mecânica e biofilme no interior do tubo por 11 (78,5%) dos profissionais. Quanto í s intervenções de enfermagem, todos os enfermeiros citaram a necessidade da manutenção do decúbito elevado entre 35º a 45º, e 6 (85,7%) destacam como prioridade a realização da higiene oral com gluconato de clorexidine a 0,12%. Conclusão: Pode-se concluir que a equipe de enfermagem possui falhas no conhecimento dos fatores determinantes para o desenvolvimento da PAV. Isso demonstra a necessidade da educação continuada sobre o assunto, visando o aumento do conhecimento dos profissionais e melhoria da qualidade de assistência ao paciente.Descritores: Pneumonia associada í  ventilação mecânica, Fatores de risco, Conhecimento, Equipe de enfermagem

A thermodynamic climate model is used to simulate the Northern Hemisphere climates for 18, 13, 10, 7 and 4 kyr BP, and to evaluate the importance of the ice sheets, the insolation anomalies and the variation of the atmospheric CO2 in the maintainance and evolution of the terrestrial climates from 18 kyr BP to present time. The computations show the great importance of the insolation anomalies, due to orbital variations, in the annual cycle of climate, especially for the most recent period from about 12 kyr BP to present time, when the computed monthly average Northern Hemisphere surface temperature anomalies have the pattern of negative and positive anomalies shown in the insolation anomalies, except for a lag associated with the storage of heat in the oceans. It is shown that from 18 to 12 kyr BP the surface albedo feedback effect, due to the presence of ice sheets, maintains the average Northern Hemisphere surface temperature anomalies negative through the whole year, having its maximum effect at 18 kyr BP. The effect of the orbital variation is to produce larger seasonal variations in the surface temperatures, associated with the variations of the insolation anomalies which are non-negligible despite the fact that their annual average is negligible. The effect of the decrease of the atmospheric CO2 is to reinforce the negative anomalies of the surface temperature. The average of the computed surface ocean temperature anomalies for 18 kyr BP, is about two thirds of the value estimated by CLIMAP (1976), and is due to the combined effect of the existance of the ice sheets, the decrease of atmospheric CO2 and the anomalies of insolation, as external forcings.

The relative extinction of solar and infrared radiation by dry and clean air molecules, has been estimated through a theoretical determination of the ratio referred ordinarily as the Greenhouse Parameter (GP). In a first approach, it was calculated assuming that terrestrial air only consists of a simple mixture of oxygen and nitrogen. The method used here is based on the application, in an inverse procedure, of an homogeneous, plane-parallel, and time-independent grey model, which employs the Eddington approximation as a solution to the radiative transfer equation, both in the solar and the infrared spectral regions and, which has the GP value as an input free parameter. The best value of the GP was estimated calibrating the local temperature profile for four types of uniform surface (snow, desert, vegetation and ocean), with average albedos known in these spectral regions, adopting air surface temperature values which were chosen for an assumed micro or local climatological environment according to an average radiative criterion. With this result, it was possible for an estimation of the infrared opacity for the air layer implicated in this model and also the mean extinction coefficient in this spectral range to be calculated. The results predicted are compared with results obtained indirectly from the data provided by other authors. Although its validation is constrained solely to the radiative model applied it seems that the value of the GP obtained is more accurate than the one initially available.

Explosive volcanism is known to have a large impact on climate. Thus, in order to understand past climate variability, volcanic forcing has to be considered. For the most recent explosive volcanic eruptions instrumental data of stratospheric aerosol optical depth are available. For early eruptions only index values with no or only crude spatial and seasonal resolution do exist. To estimate the spatio-temporal patterns of aerosol induced optical depth of the atmosphere due to any known strong volcanic eruption, we introduce a stratospheric aerosol distribution parameterization using recent information about stratospheric transport phenomena as well as date, location, and strength of an eruption. Using this parameterization, observed time series of stratospheric aerosol optical depth can be reproduced with reasonable accuracy. To investigate volcanic climate forcing, we introduce a radiation transfer parameterization which takes into account the undisturbed seasonal and latitudinal pattern of radiation uptake as well as the extension of a ray path in a spherical layer. Thus, spatio-temporal patterns of volcanic climate forcing for any known volcanic eruption can be estimated, too.

Based on 5-day mean OLR analysis the present study describes the annual cycle of the convective activity over Mexico and the surrounding maritime environs. Results show that the onset of the rainy season in the study region occurs in two phases. The first is concurrent with the onset of the rainy season in Central America and Southern Mexico at the mid-May. The second takes place one month later and corresponds to the establishment of the wet season over the region under the infiuence of the so-called Mexican monsoon.

En este artículo se estudian diversos aspectos de la corriente inmigratoria en Vinaròs (Castellón). La población foránea es analizada en su trayectoria temporal de llegada, procedencia geográfica y distribución en el espacio urbano, así como su incidencia en la estructura por edades de la población.