Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

This article addresses Public Beneficence, the name that in Chile received the institutional framework composed of asylums, hospices, hospitals, lazarettos, and other social and health facilities that were created by private charity, since the beginning of the Republic. It focuses on the rethinking and transformations that it began to undergo at the beginning of the 20th century, after the criticism generated by its administrative and economic problems that, given the effects caused by the Social Question, demanded radical changes in its operation. Through this premise, the work focuses on an aspect that that process had, which was the interest in making Beneficence an institutional entity independent of state or private hegemony. However, the analysis will show that political conflicts and the lack of decisions on the matter failed to materialize this intention, until the measures implemented at the end of the 1920s and beginning of the 1930s, by the mandate of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, consolidated the predominance of the State in the institutions.

The Motagua River was one of the main communication routes of the ancient Mayans, even though currently its serious deterioration, as a result of pollution, makes navigation impossible in the region known as Motagua Medio. Archaeological evidence allows us to know the importance that had in the communication between sites as well as in long-distance relationships, this observed through the evidence of different foreign materials that are in various archaeological sites in the sector as well as the presence of jadeite in different sectors of the Mayan and Mesoamerican Areas. This article will discuss one of the entities that delimited the region to the east, which constituted the border associated with the trade route to the Caribbean Sea, and consequently with the Mayan Lowlands. The evidence recovered has consisted of piers, causeways and archaeological materials that allow us to infer about the capital importance that navigation played in this community for its inter and intra-site relationships as well as at a regional level.

The traditional practice of shipbuilding among the Lacandon Mayan is a process that involves not only the physical manipulation of the wood but also the ontological transformation and relationships of exchange and communication between human and non-human actors. Through ethnographic data and the registration of the construction of a dugout canoe in Metzabok, Chiapas, this work explores the manufacturing process, including rituals, considerations, and prohibitions. We also delve into how the relationships with the "cuidador de la selva," the trees, and the crocodiles allow the existence of the canoe, or Chem, in the Lacandon language and its proper navigation. Finally, We explore how the Chem is not only a functional object that allows access to aquatic environments but also a being of water, the sibling of crocodiles.

From a mapping exercise of transit nodes in Mesoamerican navigation systems, it is clearly identified that the Maya area stands out for the number of mapped points, even though this practice was extended throughout nearly the entire Mesoamerican territory. This leads us to ask why and how navigation has been investigated in the Maya area and how this process relates to the current state of the art. To answer this question, this article presents an analysis of the development of approaches and ways of working on this topic in the 20th century and in the present. It explains the origin of the interest in this practice among the Maya, as well as the themes that have mainly concerned archaeology and history. This historiographical review allows us to propose some perspectives so thatresearch on Maya navigation can be enriched in the future. It is also hoped that some of the reflections derived from this text can be taken to other cultural areas of pre-Hispanic Mexico.

A classic tension between equality and difference has been found in gender studies, whose understanding of each term has determined the categorical role that each one has played in feminist theories. One of the things that underlies this tension is the criticism of essentialisms; criticism that has become key to thinking about the concept of sexual difference. This article seeks to problematize the place of difference in in the so-called sex-gender system, because a binary verticality is still maintained and under a methodological dualism. On the contrary, the place of difference will revolve around Hegel’s thinking and what his contributions may be to think an ontology of difference sexual. After confronting the notion of gender and difference in Hegel with the sex-gender system of a socio-constructivist approach, the thesis I propose is that the notion of difference from a Hegelian ontological perspective overturns the hierarchy of sexual difference as it has been developed by some approaches within gender studies

This article proposes to analyse the musico-poetic intermediality in Parra's work, focusing on the discussion around the cueca.. To do this, it begins by contextualizing the creative synchrony of Parra with her antipoet brother, comparatively exposing those popular forms they used experimentally, such as the romance couplet. It is followed by addressing the theoretical and artistic context that saw the zamacueca evolve into the cueca, showing Parra's intermedial contribution based on three versions of the cueca larga. It helps us understand her anticuecas, exposing its critical and antiromantic essence of the local musical context, similar to the criticism of Nerudian lyricism of antipoetry. This close musico-poetic relationship leads us to put forward that Parra composed an antimusic-poetic that thematized death unprecedentedly with features based on atonality, dissonance and textual extension mediated by a particular voice and the guitar.

Specialised research on the Maya cosmos describes it as a three-layered model in which three ontologically different strata are distributed in a vertical manner: first the heavens, then the surface of the earth, and underneath this, the underworld. Additionally, the underworld is portrayed as an aquatic realm; hence, aquatic spaces are being frequently associated with the underworld. A detailed analysis of references to aquatic places in the monuments and architecture of Copan, Honduras, reveals that these were not only connected with the underground, but also with the heavens, raising concerns about the generalised vertical division of the Maya cosmos into three distinct layers as found in the literature.

This text analyzes the use of Mayan canoes of traditional technology during the conquest and the colony. Mayan navigation did not disappear during the conquest; on the contrary, canoes played an important role in several specific episodes of the first half of the 16th century that are studied in the paper. Colonial documents from different periods are also analyzed to comment on the use of amphibious routes through rivers and seas by local navigators. It is explored the way in which traditional Mayan navigation was important in the insertion of this region of America in globalcommunication networks.

La pregunta guía del artículo es ¿cómo se expresa la precariedad subjetiva laboral en las trayectorias biográficas individualesy colectivas de temporeras adultas nacionales de la fruticultura en Chile?, comprendiendo las biografías desde lasperspectivas laboral, personal y familiar. La metodología fue de carácter cualitativo, realizándose entrevistas en profundidad a temporeras rurales de las regiones del Maule y O ?Higgins. Los análisis están focalizados en los relatos de 10trabajadoras chilenas con hijos/as, el que se organizó en 5 categorías: 1) trayectorias laborales y vínculo con itinerariosfamiliares; 2) trayectorias atravesadas por el cuidado; 3) invisibilización y escasez de reconocimiento; 4) humillación, agravioy malestar; y 5) normalización de la desprotección laboral. Concluimos que la precariedad subjetiva se expresa en agravio social, percepción de injusticia y malestar emocional, derivado de las experiencias de precariedad en las condiciones objetivas de trabajo —inestabilidad, pago a destajo, estancamiento de montos del “trato”, magras condiciones ambientalesy sanitarias, y hostilidad de jefaturas—, por lo que ambas dimensiones —estar y sentir— conforman la experiencia laboralfrágil. La falta de reconocimiento social que trasciende lo laboral, la adaptación como expresión de violencia simbólica y lasobrecarga reproductiva, profundizan la normalización de la precariedad expandida a la totalidad de la vida.

This article offers a comparative analysis of selected excerpts from the classic Latin American children's literature works Reinações de Narizinho(1931) from the Brazilian author Monteiro Lobato, Papelucho(1947) from the Chilean author Marcela Paz, and several of their translations into Portuguese, English, and Spanish. Additionally, it proposes a review based on a translation and gender studies perspective and of the various source and target texts, specifically addressing gender stereotypes, hegemonic masculinity, and homophobia present in the selected excerpts of both works. The aim of this work is to encourage reflection and questioning about children's literature, as well as to advocate for action in this field. Furthermore, this research represents an initial exploration of the interdisciplinary relationship between Latin American children's literature, gender studies, and translation studies, which opens possibilities for several lines of research, given that feminist translation studies related to children's literature are still in their early stages in Chile.