Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Introduction: the Cuban Registry of Congenital Malformations (RECUMAC), is a program of care and clinical-epidemiological surveillance of congenital anomalies, which was implemented in our country in 1985, has a case-control design, hospital-based and national scope, collecting information on the mother and newborn, the products of voluntary terminations of pregnancy (TVE), as well as environmental and genetic factors of interest.Objective: to determine the prevalence at birth and adjusted frequency of major birth defects.Methods: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted involving newborns with major congenital defects in Granma province in the period 2011-2018. The prevalence at birth, the adjusted frequency and the trend of both, of the total of the defects studied for each year, in each municipality were calculated.Results: the adjusted frequencies of congenital malformations remain between 14.4 and 15x1000 NV, except in the years 2012 and 2014 when it rose to 20 x1000 NV, the municipalities Jiguaní, Yara, Bayamo, Cauto Cristo, Niquero and Buey Arriba were the ones with the highest frequency of congenital anomalies, exceeding the provincial average, with frequencies between 16.13 and 23.2x1000 NV,  the organ system with the highest AF of congenital malformations was the cardiovascular one with 3.74x1000 NV, and according to the international surveillance system, hydrocephalus was the most frequent malformation with 0.92x1000 NV and 92% of TVE.Conclusions: The highest rates of congenital malformations belong first to the cardiovascular system followed by the genitourinary system and the soma. Down syndrome, hydrocephalus, gastroschisis, hypospadia and cleft lip are the five most frequent congenital malformations in our province.  

Introducción: la infección respiratoria baja constituye una importante causa de mortalidad y morbilidad en el recién nacido.Objetivo: identificar los factores de riesgo para la infección respiratoria baja asociada a la ventilación mecánica artificial invasiva y no invasiva en los recién nacidos ingresados en la UCIN del servicio de Neonatología del Hospital General Docente Carlos Manuel de Céspedes de enero 2017 hasta diciembre del 2019.Métodos: se realizó un estudio analítico de casos y controles. Los grupos de estudio estuvieron conformados por 25 casos y 50 controles respectivamente.Resultados: las variables edad gestacional antes las 37 semanas de gestación, el bajo peso al nacer poseen dos veces o más  riesgos de padecer una infección respiratoria baja asociada a la ventilación mecánica de forma significativa con una p<0,05; la estadía mayor de 3 días en ventilación mostró significancia con una p: 0,031; entre los diagnósticos que llevaron a la ventilación mecánica fue la enfermedad de la membrana hialina  con una p: 0,025.Conclusiones: La edad gestacional menor de 37 semanas, el peso al nacer menor de 2 500 gramos, el tiempo ventilatorio de más de 3 días y el diagnóstico de la enfermedad de la membrana hialina fueron las variables significativas  

La leishmania la describieron Leishman y Donovan en 1903, al aislar el parásito del bazo de las personas afectadas. La leishmaniasis es una enfermedad tropical y subtropical, causada por un protozoo intracelular del género Leishmania y transmitida a los humanos por la picadura de vectores Lutzomyias infectadas. Tiene como reservorios a los perros, roedores, lobos, zorros y el humano como huésped incidental. Clínicamente la leishmaniasis puede clasificarse en tres formas principales: leishmaniasis cutánea (LC), localizada (LCL) o difusa (LCD), leishmaniasis destructiva mucocutánea (LMC) y leishmaniasis visceral (LV o Kala-Azar). La enfermedad se manifiesta clínicamente con la invasión del parásito y daño en funcionamiento de órganos vitales como son la médula ósea, el hígado y el bazo. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino adolescente de 11 anos de edad de zona rural que presenta un cuadro clínico de aumento de volumen de abdomen superior, palidez marcada, decaimento, con hepato y esplenomegalia atendido en Bahía, Brasil en 2018 con diagnóstico de leishmaniasis. Se describe la clínica, médios diagnósticos y tratamiento.

Our objective is to establish whether the level of assets, liabilities, and income diversification of the Mexican banks is related to their profitability and risk levels. Using the financial information of the 15 key banks, between 2010 and 2021, along with the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index and a series of polynomial regression analyzes, we calculated the diversification level of each bank. We also computed a series of inflection points suggesting that Mexican banks need to adopt an asset specialization long-term strategy, but to a point because a radical transformation would be detrimental to both return and risk. Similarly, we do not recommend venturing into a radical income diversification strategy, for the same reason. On the other hand, the liability diversification strategy is difficult to apply for achieving the mentioned objectives. Furthermore, we would like to emphasize that our analysis takes into consideration the high presence of foreign banking affiliates in Mexico.

This article reviews the principles of community law and their implications in the work of the national judge as community judge in the context of the integration processes of the European Union, the Andean Community of Nations and the Central American Integration System. The prejudicial consultation competence of the judicial organs of integration and the concrete exercise of the same before the Central American Court of Justice is studied through the study of each of its resolutions. The article systematizes by comparing the scope of the competence within the framework of these three regional integration processes and determines the effectiveness of the preliminary reference as competence of the Central American Court of Justice with respect to the national judge in his role as community judge in Central American community law. For this purpose, a theoretical research with a qualitative approach has been carried out by means of the historical-logical method and the theoretical-legal method.

This article seeks, in a first theoretical approach, to establish the scope of the various models and approaches to territorial development that have conceptually established the ways in which they develop and evolve from the spatial to the integral. In addition to the tour to situate theoretically the scopes of this model in global terms, a review is made by way of referential framework on the approach of the concept of territorial governance, which is placed as a parameter to identify the way in which the actors and their interactions are part of real processes of transformation of the environments in which they are returned. A second moment is dedicated to review the figure of the Territorial Rural Development Councils (CTDR), instances that were created in Costa Rica through Law 9036 under a multilevel governance perspective. With a series of scopes and limitations that, seen in retrospect, although they are an important advance in the promotion of a development model based on territoriality, they eventually consider a series of challenges that must be addressed as soon as possible to achieve their sustainability. Finally, a series of reflections are made on the path taken in terms of territorial governance in Costa Rica, with the intention of opening the debate and marking routes for further research to strengthen a model that has transformed the vision of how to understand development and growth from the territories.

The countries that make up SICA represent an economic-political community that aspires to the integration of Central America, as stipulated in Article 1 of the Protocol of Tegucigalpa, and guide their actions, both internally in the region and externally at the international level, in the objectives, purposes and principles set forth in said Protocol. This article sets out, based on the provisions of the Tegucigalpa Protocol, as well as specific precedents at the political and administrative level, with some examples of regional jurisdiction, how the control of legality and the exercise of checks and balances in the institutional structure of SICA.

In the face of the complexity of the global context and challenges, regional integration and community law have a leading role to play in facing all these shared challenges. In a new global context of multipolarity in which the geopolitics of blocs is a generalized trend and where regionalisms have an increasingly strong weight in the development of international politics, Central America cannot stop looking inward to think seriously about its integration process. This article emphasizes the importance of regional integration in the midst of a world of profound uncertainties, instability and environmental crisis. Its importance is raised, a brief review of the current international reality is made, detailing some of the particularities that characterize it and that affect all nations, to advance then with an analysis of community law within the framework of the Central American integration process with the purpose of defending its role in it, to culminate demonstrating its relevance for the Central American integration system.

This article addresses the issue of the State as a political entity that is shaped by the status granted to it by the people, where the great power that it manages is defined and how they are able to choose who manages certain sectors, or how the country is managed, where the people are exposed as a simple arena of battles, so that friends and enemies of the State can carry out their battles in their quest for political power. After a general description of what it is and what it represents, the need for municipalities to make this political entity work is also defined.

Based on agency and asymmetric information theories, the objective of this paper is to investigate whether the transparency on corporate governance is determined by strategies followed by the board of directors (liquidity, investment, capital structure, innovation and board composition impact on the corporate governance transparency). The study sample is composed by 826 observations from Latin American firms during the period 2004-2010 (128 unique firms). A two-way cluster standard errors and GMM methods have been adopted to perform the econometric analysis. Results suggest that corporate governance disclosure is attributable to changes on firm’s decisions made by the board with respect to financial aspects and innovation. However, the impact upon transparency of board composition with regards to female directors, independence and size of boards are attributable to industry and/or country effects. Although the main limitation of the study is focused on the period of analysis, the results provide important implications for the business sector, demonstrating that the board composition and the financial and innovation strategies adopted by the board encourage greater corporate transparency, thus increasing confidence in the markets.