Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The human development situation in Morocco in 2025 has evolved from the relative euphoria that characterized this North African country in the early 2000s.  The National Initiative for Human Development (INDH), launched in 2005 by King Mohammed VI was intended to spread a social safety net under Moroccans left behind by "growth finally on track".  The Fiftieth Anniversary Report took stock of the country's 50 years of independence since 1956 and indicated paths for developing its economy and transforming its society by 2025. The report assessed that the country was at a crossroads and had the means to embark on the path of national ambition shared by all, articulated around human development. This article reviews the social state as a framework for analyzing the subsequent discourse and practice of the social state in the Kingdom of Morocco. It presents two definitions of a social state, and draws on a wide range of economic and social data to examine in depth the socio-economic realities of the country's population. The analysis compares and contrasts those realities with the government's stated intentions and public policies to highlight significant gaps in obtaining social justice for a large proportion of the population. Based on comparative analysis of data referencing the definitional framework, the article demonstrates that, despite strong rhetoric promoting inclusion and human development, government plans and programs on the ground fall short of their proclaimed goals. The conclusions identify factors for the lack of progress towards a more socially just country and society.

This paper explores the relationship between social justice, the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) nexus, and the centrality of water to both, all within the context of climate change. Our changing climate has placed considerable pressure on the global hydrological system, altering traditional rainfall patterns and increasing the frequency and severity of natural disasters. Ensuring adequate and sustainable access to fresh water for communities around the world is essential for human life and health.  The human right to health is seriously compromised when sanitation and hygiene services are inadequate.  It is essential that these issues are included in discussions of social justice. In conclusion, the proposed solutions to address the needs of the WASH nexus and climate adaptation overlap. Climate adaptation itself is thus seen as a human rights concern and another facet of the social justice debate.

Context: Los Tábanos Rhyodacite, located in San Juan del Cesar (La Guajira) within the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Massif, exhibits outcrops affected by ongoing chemical weathering processes, primarily oxidation. This alteration results in the formation of iron minerals that provide relevant information on the petrological evolution of the rock. Objective: To characterize the iron manifestations, evaluating their petrological significance and mineralogical phases.Methodology: Representative samples were analyzed using complementary analytical techniques: stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X ray diffraction (XRD), wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR), and Raman spectroscopy. These methods enabled the identification of mineral phases and the assessment of the mineralogical and microstructural complexity of the samples.Results: Mineralogical analysis revealed the presence of magnetite, hematite, quartz, and actinolite. The data indicate that iron mineral occurrences develop primarily on recently fractured surfaces, where chemical weathering is active. Overall, the samples exhibit low mineralogical and microstructural complexity.Conclusions: Los Tábanos Rhyodacite undergoes active oxidation process associated with the interaction of iron with oxygen and water. This process mainly produces magnetite and hematite, minerals that reflect the chemical conditions of the environment and the degree of alteration of the rock. The low mineralogical complexity observed suggests a relatively simple system of mineral transformation.

Objective: This article presents the application of the arithmetic optimization algorithm (AOA) to the phase balancing problem in three-phase asymmetric distribution systems. The algorithm is implemented in MATLAB and its performance is compared with the losses from the results of the networks presented in specialized literature using other optimization algorithms. The objective is to determine the optimal load connections at each node to reduce the active power losses (the objective function).Methodology: Based on the specialized literature, the IEEE standard test networks with 25 and 37 nodes are selected. A master-slave strategy is proposed, where the iterative swept power flow is programmed in its three-phase version (slave stage). Power losses are characterized under a standard phase connection condition on the load side. The arithmetic optimization algorithm (AOA) (master stage) is then programmed and the most optimal connections to be implemented are defined. These are subsequently compared and analyzed with other methodologies and with the base case.Results: Using the selected IEEE test systems of 25 and 37 nodes from the specialized literature, the proposed master-slave methodology, incorporating AOA and the iterative sweep power flow in its three-phase version, effectively identifies an optimal solution. It determines the connections for the phases that balance the load in the nodes, reducing the losses of these systems by 4.155% and 19.249%, respectively.Conclusions: The study found that the AOA is effective in minimizing power losses in asymmetrical distribution systems, sligthly outperforming the CSA and CBGA optimization methods. The algorithm demonstrated robustness in solution accuracy and proved useful in validating results using standardized IEEE test systems. The findings highlight the importance of implementing efficient optimization techniques. Future work is suggested to explore the application of AOA to other electrical problems and to develop variants that enhance its parameters and reduce processing times.

Objective: A kinematic model of a hand prosthesis to study its behavior for different grip patterns is presented.Methodology: Initially, the anatomy and biomechanics of the hand with its movement limitations are summarized to obtain the design parameters that allow for obtaining a functional hand structure. The mathematical models of the direct and inverse kinematics are developed and compared with the results obtained from commercial multibody simulation software.Results: The error in the direct and inverse kinematic models of the index finger of the prosthesis analyzed is lowfor the spherical and cylindrical grip. In the lateral grasp, an error of medium magnitude, approximately 7 %, wasobtained. For the thumb, the error was negligible.Conclusions: Upon completion of the process, a functional prototype is obtained with fewer degrees of freedom compared to a real hand and with good accuracy regarding its kinematic response.Funding: Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira.

The promotion of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become one of the main trends in contemporary business development and is currently a key element in the formulation of public policies in diverse national and international contexts. Mexico has positioned itself as one of the Latin American countries with significant progress in the dissemination and implementation of CSR; at the domestic level, the state of Chihuahua stands out as a national benchmark in the adoption of socially responsible practices, particularly in the export maquiladora industry. The objective of this article is to analyze the historical evolution of CSR in Mexico and, specifically, in Chihuahua, emphasizing the impact of the Socially Responsible Company (ESR®) Distinction granted by the Mexican Center for Philanthropy (CEMEFI), as well as the influence of regulatory frameworks and state programs such as Chihuahua Futura. Regarding the methodology, a documentary review and comparative analysis of official sources —including INEGI statistics, state regulations, and CEMEFI reports— was conducted, supplemented with recent academic literature on responsible business management. The results show that Chihuahua has consolidated regional leadership in ESR® certifications and in the implementation of policies related to innovation and sustainability. However, challenges remain in the participation of SMEs, limited by certification costs. Overall, CSR emerges as a strategy for competitiveness and social development in northern Mexico.

This article analyzes the Digital Government Plans (PGD) implemented in 2022 by municipalities along the Peruvian coast and the Cajamarca region, with the purpose of identifying progress, differences, and best practices in digital public management. The study applied a qualitative and documentary approach, based on the review of PGDs published on official portals and surveys conducted with public officials. Findings show that all the regions studied had a PGD, although with varying levels of detail and development. Lima, Callao, and Ica stand out for presenting specific plans focused on the digitalization of procedures, interoperability, ICT training, and information security. Cajamarca, recognized as a national benchmark, set more ambitious goals such as achieving 100% digitalization of services and comprehensive staff training. However, its PGD remains generalist and lacks measurable indicators. In contrast, municipalities such as Pucusana (10%) or Mariscal Nieto (20%) set more modest objectives. The municipality of Ate is notable as the only one that officially reports progress, reaching 92% of its planned goals. Similarities among the plans include investment in technological infrastructure and staff training, while differences reflect local priorities: Lima emphasizes citizen security and urban mobility, while Cajamarca focuses on education and health. The study concludes that PGDs are strategic tools for state modernization and recommends replicating best practices such as interoperability, ICT training under ISO standards, and the use of agile methodologies.

This study describes the impact on the real estate sector with the aim of contributing significantly to companies operating in this field. The applied research falls within Administrative Sciences and is descriptive in nature. Its results occupy an intermediate parallel in relation to the depth of the acquired knowledge, and the stated variables were measured independently. The study's perspective is based on bibliography and documentary material, having drawn upon texts, scientific articles, doctoral theses, and government reports related to the research. It is a non-experimental, non-collateral, but rather quantitative investigation, as it employed statistics, data analysis, and obtained concrete information through Likert-scale surveys. The population size is 10,161 SAS (Simplified Joint-Stock Companies) in Ecuador, based on data from the Superintendency of Companies. The sample size consisted of 370 surveys, with a confidence level of 95% (0.95/2=0.4750=1.96). Probabilistic samples chosen randomly were used, providing a wide range of probabilities to make the results more assertive; however, the population was divided by sectors to obtain a reliable sample. The achieved results successfully determine that adequate business management directly impacts Innovation in SAS within Ecuador's construction sector.

Family-operated agricultural production units represent nearly all farming operations worldwide, underscoring their social and economic significance. This study aims to analyze how and why family farming units engage with the agricultural innovation system in Mexico’s Altiplano region, characterized by rainfed cereal agriculture. Using a mixed-methods approach—including surveys, interviews, and network analysis with UCINET®—and framed within innovation systems theory with emphasis on networks and innovation adoption, the research identifies the knowledge applied by farmers in maize, barley, and wheat production. It also examines the networks they establish with other components of the innovation system. Findings reveal that farmers who form multi-family networks apply a broader range of knowledge related to sowing, post-harvest practices, planning, and joint actions, resulting in maize yields 16% higher than those of farmers working individually. For other crops, yield differences were not statistically significant. The study also found limited connections with research and development actors, increasing the vulnerability of family farming units to ongoing environmental and technological changes. These results highlight the need for public policies that strengthen interactions between family farming units and research and development stakeholders, thereby enhancing their resilience to contemporary agricultural challenges.

Global concern about the effects of climate change has prompted business organizations to commit to meeting the Sustainable Development Goals. In this context, an increasing number of companies are integrating sustainability into their operations and supply chains, not only in response to external pressures but also as a vital requirement for their survival. They also recognize that adopting sustainable practices helps build a stronger competitive advantage that yields economic, environmental, and social benefits. Therefore, this research aims to analyze how innovation, knowledge management, and Lean management influence supply chain sustainability management in the manufacturing industry. The study was conducted using a quantitative approach with a correlational scope and causal design; the sample included 224 companies in the manufacturing sector in Aguascalientes. Data were collected through surveys and analyzed using multivariate techniques. The results emphasize the need to enhance sustainability practices, especially in their social aspect, while fostering product innovation, promoting collaboration, and assessing teamwork performance—all areas where management support is essential. The primary contribution of this research is providing empirical evidence of the causal relationships among the studied variables, including an analysis of an emerging topic: managing supply chain sustainability through structural equation models within the context of a developing economy.