Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Functional Analytical Psychotherapy (FAP) is a contextual therapy. Performs a functional analysis of the client's behavior within the clinical session, applying contingencies of natural reinforcement and shaping, and establishes a functional equivalence between the clinical context and the client's daily life. Despite the number of studies that demonstrate its efficacy for the treatment of psychological disorders of a very diverse nature, its eminently functional and ideographic nature, based on the study of clinical cases of a single subject, represents a clear drawback when it comes to adapting to the nosological diagnostic systems and validity criteria (randomized controlled trial and meta-analysis) mostly accepted by the scientific community. This paper exposes the Social Connection Model as an alternative to the limitations of FAP, recognizing its clinical utility. In addition, it makes a critical analysis of this model, pointing out the risks of resorting to mid-level terms (awareness, courage, love, intimacy, etc.) and diverting the characteristic functional and idiographic approach of FAP.

Critical competence is necessary for everyone in our multicomplex and changing societies; however, in certain professional profiles it would not be healthy to develop learning programs for this competence without the development of complementary programs that reinforce the well-being of this professional.  In this article a reflection and research is made about the important role that critical thinking plays in the profession of social education.  For this purpose, a study is made of the beliefs that a group of 35 social educators in training at the University of Huelva have about critical thinking, its characteristics, components and consequences for their own subjective well-being.  A mixed descriptive-correlational and qualitative research design is used through content analysis of focus groups. To be critically competent for a social educator is to survive the critical process that is undoubtedly necessary to improve our societies, without leading to a wear and tear that ends up disabling an important and fundamental resource for change.

Many studies into Attention-Deficit/hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have documented that this neurodevelopment disorder may be under-identified. Early diagnosis of children and adolescents with ADHD is important, and consequently school-based interventions represent an essential tool for work in this area. To identify issues in the diagnosis, assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD, is reviewed here research findings which could lead to significantly better outcomes for children and adolescents with ADHD. Accordingly, we briefly review studies retrieved in a MEDLINE search, using the terms “ADHD”, “identification”, prevalence”, “assessment”, “treatment”, “learning disabilities” and “ADHD” and “comorbidity” combined, as these pinpoint diagnosis, for the years 2009 to 2022. In this respect, the literature reviewed suggests that multiple aspects associated with psychometric features, as well as clinical and/or pharmacological factors should be considered of highly clinical significance in identifying, assessing and treating individuals diagnosed with ADHD. For this reason, it is important to investigate about difficulties immersed in identifying, assessing and treating to children and adolescents with ADHD in different settings.

Robles Bello, M. A., Muela Martínez, J. A. y Sánchez-Teruel, D. (2021). Atención Infantil Temprana: Un análisis multidisciplinar sobre su abordaje (M. A. Robles Bello, J. A. Muela Martínez y D. Sánchez-Teruel, Eds.). Universidad de Jaén.

Ever since the days of SMS texts people have been using a progressively abbreviated language, which further from looking like a deformation of the language itself, follows a unique and special code which has ''evolved'' among the active users of the ''new'' social networks. This work is scoped towards determining the degree of remembrance in shortened Whatsapp messages out of a 32 participant sample, divided as young (age 20-25) and adult (age 45-55). Similarly, it is also investigated the cognitive costs of the reading of a shortened message with emoticons as opposed to a non-shortened which follows the regulations of RAE. Out of this analysis several main conclusions are obtained. The first one being that the abbreviated language is capable of transmitting the most outstanding information at the expense of a greater reading time, despite the subjects looking competent enough. Secondly, there is a bigger quantity of main ideas in adult men and young women. Lastly, there is a bigger number of distorted ideas among adults of the abbreviated condition and among the youth of the non-shortened one. All of these concepts provide the language with the characteristics and purpose that make it be a unique and living language.

This paper provides a complete and updated review of the theoretical, philosophical and procedural bases of Acceptance and Commitment therapy. At first, the current state of the therapy and its effectiveness in different physical and psychological conditions are briefly shown. In addition, the cultural-historical aspects that underlie it are discussed, prioritizing human suffering, chronic pain and hyper-reflexivity. Furthermore, the philosophical and theoretical bases are presented with emphasis on functional contextualism and Relational Frame Theory. Finally, the theory of the therapy itself and its application model are addressed.

El artículo aborda las características de las normas jurídicas en el Estado de Derecho, sus alcances y la interdependencia entre ellas; con el fin de conceptualizar a las normas jurídicas como la organización de expectativas al interior de la comunidad

Introduction. Orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.) cultivation is one of the most important worldwide. Among the main limitations in its production is the fall of flowers caused by Colletotrichum. Objective. To determine the species of Colletotrichum associated with anthracnose in orange and to estimate the in vitro effectiveness of four fungicides on its control. Materials and methods. This study was carried out between June 2021 and February 2022. Six fungal isolates, obtained from orange floral tissues, were identified via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The efficacy of the fungicides tebuconazole, pyraclostrobin, difenoconazole, and ferbam on two Colletotrichum isolates was evaluated. Two tests were carried out to determine the degree of inhibition of mycelial growth and the percentage of effectiveness of each fungicide. Results. Colletotrichum abscissum was identified on petals with symptoms and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on calyxes. The effectiveness of the doses used of the fungicides tebuconazole and difenoconazole was verified by presenting inhibition of mycelial growth from a tenth of the commercial dose evaluated. Pyraclostrobin showed little control over both isolates. Ferbam did not present an efficient control in any of the doses evaluated in both strains. Conclusion. The fungi associated with anthracnose in orange, on the farm studied, were C. abscissum, present on petals with initial and advanced symptoms, and C. gloeosporioides present on persistent calyxes. The effectiveness of the fungicides evaluated was higher for triazoles, tebuconazole, and difenoconazole, in that order. Pyraclostrobin showed a poor control on both isolates. Ferbam was not effective in in vitro tests.

Introduction. Tectona grandis is the species with the largest planted area in Costa Rica, due to the high prices in the international market. The production of plants for reforestation has been technified in the country and is currently being developed based on protected environment technologies, which increase productivity, reduce operating costs, and offer planting material throughout the year. Objective. To evaluate the effect of two substrates and five planting densities on the productivity of clonal mini-gardens of Tectona grandis in a protected environment. Materials and methods. Four readily available inert substrates were characterized by granulometry and moisture retention analysis, from which stone dust was selected as the optimum substrate. An experimental trial with a 2x5 factorial design was established in San Carlos, Costa Rica to evaluate two substrates (stone dust alone and with 25 % charcoal) and five planting densities (cm) of 10x10, 10x5, 7x5, 10x10 with two plants per hole and 10x10 with one plant in the middle. Each density had four clones as a replicate effect. The trial was evaluated during five continuous production cycles from January to September 2021. Results. The use of stone dust as substrate, without charcoal, recorded the highest productivity at a lower cost. The spatial planting arrangement of 10x10 cm with one plant in the middle (n=145 plants/m2), recorded the highest shoot production per mother plant (1.16). The 7x5 cm arrangement increased productivity by up to 206 shoots m2/month. Conclusion. The change in planting density of the clonal mini-garden, in a first stage to 10x10cm with an additional plant in the center, resulted in a high impact on productivity (74 %), greater efficiency in the use of space, and a better gradual change in the operating system.

Introduction. Worldwide, bovine dairy products are prevalent, so there is a need for studies focused on less traditional milk, such as goat milk. Objective. To evaluate the effect of two levels of inclusion of amaretto on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of a goat milk caramel. Materials and methods. Between January and September 2017, at the Universidad de Costa Rica, milk caramels were made with two proportions (6 % and 9 %) of amaretto, which were selected using two focus groups, pH, Brix degrees, aw, texture, color, and sensory liking were evaluated. Results. The milk caramels with inclusion of 6 % and 9 % amaretto obtained the following characteristics respectively: 71.8 and 70.8 ºBrix, pH= 6.8 and 6.9, aw=0.8, hardness= 1.3 and 0.3, adhesiveness= 0.75 and 6.0, elasticity= 23.0 and 21.0, L*= 33.0 and 33.4, a*= 11.3 and 11.4, b*= 26.2, c*= 28.5 and 28.6, h*= 66.7 and 66.4, with an average liking of 7.3 and 7.7, and an average purchase intention of 6.9 and 7.2. The cluster analysis generated three groups of people: G1 = 25.5 % with a mean liking of 4.7 and 6.2 for the 6 % and 9 % formulations, respectively; G2 = 19.6 % with a mean liking of 8.5 and 5.5 for the 6 % and 9 % formulations, respectively; and G3 = 54.9 % with a mean liking of 8.2 and 9.1 for the 6 % and 9 % formulations, respectively. Conclusions. The inclusion of amaretto in the goat milk caramel turned out to be the product with the best profile. No significant differences were observed between the two liquor inclusion levels. The results suggest that both products had appropriate technical characteristics and taste.