Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Introduction. The regulations that govern balanced pet food ensure the welfare of pets, public health, and consumer safety, making it valuable to verify the nutritional content declared on labels. Objective. To determine the compliance of the guaranteed analysis of 34 imported foods for dogs, cats, hamsters, rabbits, ornamental fish, and turtles and compare the results with the nutritional recommendations found in the literature. Materials and methods. During the months of August and December of 2018, food samples of dog (10), cat (10), ornamental fish (5), turtles (4), hamster (3), and rabbits (2) food were obtained by direct purchase at different points of sale in San José, Costa Rica. The content of moisture, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), calcium, phosphorus, salt, and carbohydrates were analyzed. The average content, standard deviation, maximum and minimum value of each nutrient in each group of food were calculated according to the animal species. The individual and average values obtained were compared with the values declared on the label and the nutritional recommendations found in the literature. Results. The nutrients that presented non-compliances were: salt (27), calcium (16), and energy (14). Additionally, it was found that some foods did not declare the content of salt (14), calcium (9), and phosphorus (7). With respect to the minimum nutritional requirements, twenty-two samples presented deficiencies or excesses in at least one nutriment [carbohydrates (11) and ether extract (7)]. Conclusions. Imported balanced foods for dogs, cats, rabbits, hamsters, turtles, and ornamental fish presented non-compliances in the guaranteed content of CP, EE, CF, ME, Ca, P, and salt declared on the label. The nutritional composition of the evaluated foods limits compliance with the nutritional requirements of the animals, except for rabbits that do comply with the requirements.

Introduction. Several modeling techniques have been used to analyze experiments with repeated measures over time; however, some of these are no longer relevant. Objective. To compare four analysis strategies that are used to analyze agricultural experiments with evaluations over time. Materials and methods. Data from an experiment in which the effect of different nitrogen fertilizer sources on chlorophyll content in a forage grass at different harvest ages was used. These data were analyzed using four strategies: the area under the curve index (AUC), multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), random effect of the experimental unit, and temporal correlation modeling. The lasts two strategies were performed under the theory of mixed linear models; in these different models were fitted, all with the same fixed effects structure, but with different random effects, residual correlation structure, or residual variance structure. Using penalized likelihood criteria [Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC)], the best fitting model was chosen, with which inferences were made about the means of the significant fixed effects, and compared with the results obtained from the AUC and MANOVA strategies. Results. The best fitting mixed linear had a compound symmetry correlation structure and heteroscedastic variances. This model allowed for the analysis of the treatment × time interaction; on the other hand, both the MANOVA and the AUC allowed for the analysis of temporal trends of the treatments. Conclusion. The best fitting mixed linear model made it possible to select the best treatment based on the evaluation time. On the other hand, both the MANOVA and the AUC led to the selection of treatments that were not the best at all evaluation times.

Introduction. Tithonia diversifolia is a plant with high potential for feeding ruminants, but there are no studies that compare the effect of chemical or organic fertilization at different regrowth ages on its yield and bromatological composition. Objective. To evaluate the effect of the type of fertilizer and the age of regrowth on yield and bromatological composition of Tithonia diversifolia forage. Materials and methods. The work was carried out between 2020 and 2021 at the Finca Experimental Santa Lucía of the Universidad Nacional Costa Rica. A completely randomized divided plot design was used type of fertilization (plot) and regrowth age (subplot) with 3 replications per treatment. The types of fertilizer were vermicompost (L), chemical (Q) and a control (C) without the use of fertilizer. The regrowth ages evaluated were 30, 50 and 70 days for a total of 9 treatments. The variables evaluated were biomass production, leaf/stem relation and bromatological composition. ANOVA for split plots was used for data analysis. Results. The Q70 treatment was the one that reached the highest biomass production (77.18 t/ha of green matter (GM) and 7.10 t/ha DM), the highest leaf/stem relation (1.77) was obtained in C30. The type of fertilizer had a significant effect on the variables of DM, CP, NDF and NFC, while the regrowth age only did not generate significant effects on the variables dNDF and NFC. The highest protein content was found in Q30 (27.61 % DM). The NDF contents ranged between 30.23 and 46.29 % and the ENL between 1.34 and 1.42 Mcal/kg DM. Conclusion. Fertilization and regrowth age proved to influence yield and bromatological composition of T. diversifolia, finding an immediate response to chemical fertilization.

Introduction. Isochoric freezing (at constant volume) is a novel technology that has been evaluated in different studies to demonstrate the possible benefits for the food industry. Objective. The aim of this work is to present an overall summary about the frozen food market, the freezing technologies currently used, as well as emerging technologies, and delve into the fundamental theories of isochoric freezing and the advantages in the food industry compared to traditional freezing systems and to show the possible fields of research related to this technology. Development. This work was carried out in Costa Rica between February 2022 and June 2022, it describes the general context of the frozen food market, the current technologies used in the industry, the thermodynamic principles of the isochoric technology, the physicochemical, microbiological and energetical advantages, and ends with the possible fields of research and disadvantages recently found. Conclusion. Isochoric freezing has important advantages compared to the current freezing processes in the food industry, however, it is necessary to perform more research related to microbiological aspects, as well as optimize the process parameters and equipment in order to change in the global food freezing system. 

The objective of this paper is to analyze the recovery of the memory of two Yaqui women in conjunctural moments of their history and its correlation with their ancestors. In this sense, the work focuses on a study through memory from the perspective of Enzo Traverso where it is selected, made, and reinterpreted according to ethical dilemmas of the present and, at the same time, it has a high impact on their identity formation and the strength of their sense of belonging to a group. To understand their memories, about who remembers, from where, and for what purpose, we resort to the gaze that analyzes memory through postcolonial feminist studies, which allows us to reconstruct the multiple realities of indigenous women and “imagine other cartographies of possible resistances” (Suárez and Hernández, 2008); the methodological framework refers to oral history, where the memories of the interviewees are recovered. The findings allow us to glimpse that the ways in which they perceive solidarity, collectivity, and agency are connected to their ancestors understood as forgers of identity, transmission of their history, who maintain their group vision in their present, as well as a possible source of struggle and defense for the future. 

This article explores the knowledge that the personnel of a rural hospital in Oaxaca has of intercultural health and the ways in which they represent ethnicity. Based on semi-structured interviews with ten workers who interacted with indigenous language speaker patients, the article shows that the staff appreciated intercultural health but lacked a solid training in this area. Their representations of ethnicity emphasized negative cultural traits related to stereotypical ideas of what “being indigenous” means. Due to methodological limitations, the healthcare personnel’s practices towards their beneficiaries could not be observed so there are no findings on how representations may have influenced their conduct. The value of this investigation lies in its documentation of the contradictions and hardships of applying principles of interculturality in the health sector and the unveiling of cultural barriers which hinder positive interculturality as evidenced by the recurrent representations of indigenous health as defective and of indigenous people as ignorant, vulnerable, or stubborn. 

The objective of this article is to reflect on the non-univocal construction of the past. To this end, it contrasts the reconstruction of the past based on archival sources against ethnographic information as part of an academic research, with the views on the past elaborated by the local people from their different socio-cultural and political positions. The existing gaps between both approaches to the past are shown, but without seeking to establish the “veracity” of one or the other. It is concluded that the past does not refer to a static set of events, accessible in the same way to anyone at any time, but that in the reconstruction of the past, events acquire or lose relevance depending on theoretical approaches as well as on present experiences and imagined futures. In other words, the present and the past are mutually constituted as part of a process that is always dynamic and changing. 

In this document, I suggest that Community research and intervention must go beyond conceptions based on chimeric models of community, defined as the group of people who share territory, history, customs, and interests. From an analytic-comparative perspective, the roots of the concept of community are explored, showing the heuristic capacity to think of it as a model of social relationship and intersubjective action. A structuralist approach is proposed for the understanding of all psychic, social, symbolic, and material relations; determinants for the functioning and reproduction of the community and therefore, determine the field of action for Community intervention projects. 

Reseña del libro Cultura, transacciones internacionales y el Antropoceno de la Dra. Lourdes Arizpe.  Esta reseña resalta el papel que tienen la antropología y la cultura como generadoras de diálogo y negociaciones en el marco de las relaciones internacionales y la era geológica del Antropoceno. Desde su experiencia diplomática y académica la Dra. Arizpe enuncia los escenarios adversos a los que la cultura, el ser humano y el medio ambiente se enfrentan para así comprometerse con la posibilidad de generar un modelo de vida basado en la conviviabilidad, esto es, resaltando la pluriculturalidad, la cooperación y la sustentabilidad. 

The objective of this article is to describe the difficulties that arise in treatment, and at the same time to analyze the role of caregivers and support networks in adherence to treatment in indigenous children with acute leukemia. From a qualitative approach, the case study of a tertiary hospital in Chiapas was implemented, which, due to the restrictions imposed by the covid-19 pandemic, resorted to telephone interviews with caregivers. This is the first qualitative research carried out in Mexico, revealing structural and cultural problems in adherence to treatment for childhood leukemia in the indigenous population, for which it is proposed that a comprehensive public policy on childhood cancer must go beyond the hospital care and contemplating care, the latter, seen as a sociocultural and political process that requires the intervention of the State to favor it.