Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i15.0234 This study analyzes the design of culverts for the state road network E20, Quinindé – Esmeraldas section, in Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador. The research is justified by the need to protect road infrastructure from runoff damage caused by heavy rainfall in the region. Objectives include the sizing of culverts to mitigate the impact of water flows. A hydrological analysis and generalized rational methodology were used, considering topographic and climatological data. Key findings demonstrate the feasibility of an efficient design for drainage and structural damage mitigation on the road. In conclusion, the proposed design will optimize maintenance resources and enhance infrastructure durability. Keywords: Hydraulic design, culverts, state road network, sizing, runoff, damage mitigation.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i15.0232 The electric power system have lines, reactor, regulator voltage, transformer regulator and other elements. These are necessary to carry the energy towards demand electric. The system operate with dispatch economic (DE) where it has the objective function and constrains. However, they DE do not necessary include the minimization power losses that are very import because reduce operation cost. Therefore, in this paper it is realize an optimal location of regulating transformer taps to minimize losses in the electrical system using convex optimization in power flow equations. For this suppose, it take account the bus injection model where it obtain all equations necessary. Then, the model propose are implemented with IEEE 14 bust system test as validation between Digsilent Power Factory and the model implement is of the system electric of Quito city in Ecuador. The result of minimizing lose in optimization process is 0.11 MW. Palabras clave: Optimization, nonlinear, power flow, loss electric, transformer, regulator.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i15.0233 This article reviews the state of the art on structures and energy efficiency in sustainable civil constructions. Through a systematic literature review, global strategies to enhance sustainability in the construction sector are analyzed, focusing on the use of eco-friendly materials, passive design, and the integration of renewable energies. The challenges Ecuador faces in implementing these sustainable practices are discussed, with an emphasis on economic and regulatory barriers. Lastly, recommendations are made to adapt these strategies to the Ecuadorian context and improve energy efficiency in buildings. Keywords: Sustainability, energy efficiency, civil construction, passive design, renewable energies, Ecuador.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i15.0236 The productive sector in Ecuador requires efficient cleaning solutions, being the industrial detergent one of the most used products for this purpose; analyzing its life cycle from cradle to gate with a carbon footprint measurement approach is the objective of this study. The functional unit used was the 20kg bucket of detergent in a logistics company; the carbon footprint was calculated by applying the technical characteristics of the equipment and sources that use fossil fuels such as diesel and coke; the product flows of internal-external processes, supported by the international guidelines for greenhouse gas inventories of the United Kingdom and the United States Environmental Protection Agency, and data on imports and production for the last year. The results showed that a 20 kg bucket of industrial detergent has a carbon footprint of 23.75 kgCO2e (carbon dioxide equivalent); the percentage contribution by processes is 29% for the production of sodium carbonate, 18% for sulphonic acid and 11% for sodium hydroxide; 18% for sulphonic acid and 11% for sodium hydroxide, the transport of these raw materials contributes 18% more carbon dioxide emissions and the production process in the plant 8%, with sodium carbonate having the highest percentage of total CO2 generation, a strong impact as it is an industry that uses coke as fuel for limestone calcination processes. It is concluded that, within plant processes do not generate a large impact due to the use of electrical energy, however, the suppliers of raw materials should be analyzed and local purchasing should be considered to reduce the kilometers travelled and the carbon footprint of these activities and whether they have negative consequences on agricultural ecosystems. Keywords: Fuel, carbon footprint, environmental impact, raw material, functional unit.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i15.0241 Today, electrical distribution systems face significant challenges such as technical losses, line overloads and increasing energy demand. Therefore, the study focused on analyzing how an urban network is affected by distributed generation, prioritizing operational efficiency and compliance with technical regulations. The study addressed the behavior of some systems when integrating distributed generation and meeting demand in specific sectors, especially under overload conditions that affect system reliability. The methodology used included power flow analysis, equivalent circuit modeling and computer simulations to evaluate various network scenarios. The findings show the possibility of performing balanced power management to optimize the use of existing assets and strengthening energy transmission planning. This study highlights the importance of incorporating distributed generation and its technical feasibility in a feeder. This in turn contributes to energy sustainability and the implementation of strategies to ensure a reliable and scalable supply, allowing sustainable development of cities with the injection of power in high demand contexts, the reduction of energy losses by bringing energy generation closer to the consumer in distribution networks. Keywords: Self-consumption, distributed generation, energy sustainability, distribution network, renewable energy, electrical system.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i15.0243 The cultivation of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is essential for food security and rural economy in Ecuador, especially in the coastal region and the province of Manabí. However, current yields are far below their potential due to factors such as low soil fertility and limited use of sustainable technologies. This article reviews the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as biofertilizers in cassava cultivation, highlighting the benefits in terms of yield increase, reduced chemical fertilizer use, environmental and economic advantages, and applicability in Manabí. AMF have proven to be effective tools for optimizing nutrient uptake, restoring degraded soils, and reducing the carbon footprint in tropical agricultural systems. The implementation of AMF in Ecuador represents a viable strategy to promote more competitive and sustainable agriculture. Keywords: Cassava, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, biofertilizers, sustainable agriculture, Ecuador, Manabí.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i15.0239 The study focuses on the management of voltage source grid-forming converters (VSC) in balanced power systems, essential for the incorporation of renewable energies such as solar and electric power. These converters function as virtual generators, providing voltage and frequency stability in the face of disturbances. Advanced control strategies were developed and implemented, including the application of a virtual inertia control (VSM), which replicates the dynamic behavior of conventional synchronous generators. Models have been created that include an inverter linked through controllers, improving distributed power quality and reducing harmonics. Additionally, battery storage systems and a solar panel with MPPT regulation were incorporated, optimizing energy efficiency. The findings indicate that these tactics enhance system stability, decrease oscillations and ensure performance, contributing to the advancement of sustainable power grids. Keywords: VSM, Converters, MPPT, Harmonics.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i15.0235 The following article presents an extensive investigation into the effects of cryogenic gas heat treatment to determine tool life and surface finish in turning processes. The thermal properties of these gases allow for a reduction in operating temperature, which in turn decreases tool wear and improves both the tool’s microstructure and the machined materials. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the impact of cryogenic cooling on the durability of cutting tools and the surface quality of the manufactured parts. The most relevant results showed that using cryogenic gas doubled the tool life compared to conventional methods such as oil and coolant. In addition, a significant improvement was observed in the surface finish of the machined parts, with a noticeable reduction in roughness and surface defects. In conclusion, the use of cryogenic gas emerges as an innovative and effective strategy to optimize both tool durability and surface finish quality in turning processes. The findings suggest that its implementation could transform practices in the machining industry, contributing to greater sustainability and efficiency in production processes. Keywords: Cryogenic cooling, roughness reduction, surface defects, Liquid Nitrogen.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i15.0237 This article describes the design, implementation, and testing process of an automatic water purification system using solar energy and ultraviolet radiation. The prototype consists of a Solar Distiller, which receives contaminated and impure water via an electric pump. Inside the distiller, the water evaporates and condenses due to temperature differences, and is subsequently directed to UV radiation, which emits a wavelength of 254nm to eliminate viruses, bacteria, or any microorganisms present, completely purifying the sample and making it suitable for human consumption. To enhance the prototype's performance, a Cylindrical Parabolic Collector (CPC) was added, allowing for higher temperatures inside the distiller, along with a complete automation system with its respective sensors and actuators based on an Atmega 16 microcontroller. This setup enables the equipment's control and timely intervention in case of malfunctions or issues in the purification system, all powered by an off-grid photovoltaic system, giving the device full autonomy. Keywords: Water purification, solar energy, solar still, UV light, Atmega 16.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v8i15.0242 This article presents an analysis based on the results of three surveys applied in an aluminum and glass company. These surveys evaluate the customer's perception of the quality of the products, the workers' perception of the level of quality provided and labor issues, as well as the general manager's opinion on these same topics. The objective of the study is to identify opportunities for improvement in the company's quality management system to optimize customer satisfaction and operational efficiency. The results of the surveys reflect diverse perceptions about the quality of the company's products and processes. Among the most relevant findings, clients highlighted positive aspects in areas such as empathy and safety, although they pointed out opportunities for improvement in reliability and responsiveness. For their part, workers expressed concerns related to the efficiency of production processes and working conditions, while management emphasized the need to strengthen standardization and quality control. Based on these results, we suggest the implementation of actions focused on the areas identified as critical, with the purpose of improving the perceived and operational quality within the organization. Keywords: Quality Management, Improvement, Customer Satisfaction and Competitiveness.