Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Introduction: Motherhood in early adolescence represents a social and health problem, is considered an indicator of development and is a symptom of many social problems. The objective was to determine the trend and maternal and perinatal consequences of pregnancy in adolescents under 15 years in the Hipólito Unanue Hospital Tacna. Material and methods: Epidemiological, analytical, case-control study, adolescents under 15 years compared with adults 20 to 24 years, whose births were attended in the Hipólito Unanue Tacna hospital during 2000 to 2013 was analyzed based from the Perinatal Information System data. Absolute and relative frequencies were used, and odds ratio with confidence interval of 95%. Results: The adolescents under 15 years represent 0.54% of all births, with a downward trend over the 14 years of study. Partnered: lower education, unstable marital status and poor nutritional status (p <0.01). Negative maternal effects were absent or inadequate (OR = 2.1) and late prenatal care (OR = 2.9), cesarean termination (OR = 1.7) and elective cesarean delivery (OR = 2.1). Negative impact perinatal were: low birth weight (OR = 2), prematurity (OR = 2.5), fetal malnutrition (OR = 1.7), depression at 5 minutes after birth (OR = 2.6), infection (OR = 4.8) and neonatal mortality (OR = 2.8). Conclusion: teens under age 15 are unfavorable social and nutritional status, inadequate prenatal care and neonatal risk of low weight, prematurity, malnutrition, infection and mortality.

Mortality rates caused by colon and rectal injuries have been declining throughout the world since the late 19th century to the present, being what was expected until the arrival of the 21st century. Improvements in antisepsis conditions, transfer, advances in anesthesia and surgical techniques, handling of blood products and blood, exteriorization of wounds, use of colostomy, and use of antibiotics. Injuries to the hollow viscera are infrequent in the consultation, their preponderance is complex to establish since various factors influence and intervene in their origin. For example, in Spain iatrogenic injuries and traffic accidents are more frequent than injuries from firearms or white weapons that are predominant in America. Consequently, various etiologies are established for their treatments, being able to establish two groups of colorectal trauma to the hollow viscus: a) iatrogenic trauma and b) accidental trauma. The clinical symptoms in both groups are varied, with abdominal, perianal or anal pain, pelvic pain, linked or not to rectal bleeding, up to frank peritonism. The diagnosis of these pathologies is established through clinical examination, complementary analytical tests, endoscopic, radiological, rectal examination, endoscopic or laparoscopic, analytical, among others. Its treatment must be individualized in each case, according to the current state of the patient, pathological history, the situation of the hollow viscus or organs that comprise it, the time of evolution, the degree of fecal contamination, experience of the surgeon and the associated injuries.

Introduction: SARS-Cov2 disease leads to high mortality, and its main manifestation is severe respiratory failure. Early administration of supplemental oxygen can prevent its aggressive progression. Treatment of these patients has been based on pulse oximetry and the percentage of involvement of the lung parenchyma by tomography. It is essential to investigate the relationship between tomographic images and the respiratory compromise of the patient. Objective: To describe the scientific evidence regarding oxygen saturation levels and the percentage of lung tomographic compromise in patients hospitalized for covid-19. Methods: Literature search in the PUBMED, MEDLINE, SciELO and Google Scholar databases. Papers available in full text in Spanish and English were selected with the keywords "SARS-CoV-2", "covid-19", "oxygen saturation" and "computed tomography". Conclusions: The tomographic findings reported in the literature are the product of the disease's own sequence, and were not related to its outcome. The tomographic severity indices are very varied, and of these, the CO-RADS is the one with the least clinical utility. Standardization is required in the care and management of covid-19 patients based on oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry, and tomographic findings.

Since the appearance of the new Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at the end of December 2019 and declared a pandemic in March 2020, involvement mainly of the lower respiratory tract has been reported. It is notable to highlight that, in addition, there are pictures in which there is extrapulmonary or systemic involvement. Neurological compromise can occur together with the initial and more predominant symptoms in the severe stages of the lung disease; but, isolated events such as cerebrovascular accidents, seizures, polyneuropathies, possible association with Guillain Barré have also been reported, independent of the degree of lung involvement, causing reversible or permanent alterations. By sharing similarities with SARS-CoV-1, it is believed that this new virus also has neurotropic or neuroinvasive capacity. Cases of acute encephalitis due to SARS-CoV-2 have recently been reported. A case report with high suspicion of acute encephalitis associated with SARS-CoV-2 is presented.

Autism spectrum disorder is found within neurodevelopmental disorders, the term spectrum is used to demonstrate the great variability in its clinical manifestations, severity and presence of comorbidities, which are very frequent, with at least one being detected in 70%. of patients with this disorder. Within the comorbidities we can mention schizophrenia, characterized by the presence of psychosis and two groups of symptoms called positive and negative. In this article, we present the case of a 16-year-old boy with alterations in certain areas of his development from an early age who, when he turned 12, evidenced a change in his behavior patterns. Thus, he presented psychotic symptoms that configured a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder with very early onset schizophrenia. To carry out the differential diagnosis between these two pathologies, it is recommended to carefully evaluate the positive symptoms that occur in schizophrenia, since the symptoms of the negative group frequently overlap with the manifestations of ASD.

In this paper, some issues related to idealization in science are discussed in the light of García de la Sienra’s approach to the topic in his new book, A Structuralist Theory of Economics (Routledge, London, 2019). The paper focuses on topics related to the notions of abstraction, idealization/concretization, and scientific models. After discussing the fictionalist proposal of Frigg and other authors, according to which models are fictions, I present and argue in favor of an alternative, the artefactualist one, according to which models are better understood as abstract artifacts, which are the product of a process of abstraction and idealization. In their turn, abstraction and idealization are understood in terms of a network of conditionalizations and counterfactual deformations of various degrees.  

Adolfo García de la Sienra has reconstructed several economic theories discovering their logical structure. With this work, has he mathematized those theories, or has he only revealed their logical structure? To suggest a possible answer, we will examine here the logical structure of the first logical treatise: the syllogistics. Examining logically this treatise of Aristotle’s, we find that in reality the First Analytics is already, from its origin, a mathematical theory. This result does not provide an answer to the question posed but suggest that sometimes theories do not need to be mathematized, because they are already mathematical, at least in part.

The present work intends to bring to the fore and criticize one of the assumptions incorporated by the formalizations of García de la Sienra’s, namely, that theories must be reconstructed according to the semantic view. It briefly characterizes the syntactic and the semantic views and presents the debate among these conceptions. They are different approaches that facilitate the study of theories in view of certain philosophical problems. There will be problems and levels of analysis for which one view will be adequate and the other limited.

This article offers a reconstruction of the main theses of cognitive structural realism in the philosophy of science, to examine its theoretical commitments and their viability. To this end, the connectionist version of P. M. Churchland and the predictive processing version of M. D. Beni are critically analyzed. Subsequently, the central theses of the position are identified and a distinction between strong and weak varieties of cognitive structural realism is proposed. Finally, some of its problems and potential developments are addressed.