Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

This article presents an analysis of the factors that determine the demand for Higher University Education in the province of Cusco in the year 2020; making a microeconomic analysis about what factors influence the probability that a graduate of secondary education continues with university studies, contains a theoretical framework in relation to the Theory of Human Capital. The analysis of the educational choice will be carried out with the logit model, taking into account the relevant elements present in the texts about the theme such as: individual and school factors. Through the use of information from surveys regarding the educational choice after completing secondary school, carried out on graduates of secondary studies (cross-sectional information). The results of the estimation by maximum likelihood obtained from logit model indicate: that the individual factors, the variables life aspirations of the students, monthly family income, occupation of the head of household, age and level of education of the mother influence significantly in the demand for Higher University Education and that of the school factors, the variables perception of the usefulness of secondary studies and type of management of the secondary level educational institution are those that significantly influence the demand for Higher Education in the province of Cusco for the year 2020.

La economía digital representa una transformación estructural que redefine los fundamentos de la teoría económica mediante la convergencia de big data, inteligencia artificial (IA), plataformas digitales y tecnologías disruptivas. Este cambio impacta en la producción, el comercio, la medición macroeconómica, la logística, la educación y el mercado laboral. El comercio electrónico desplaza gradualmente a los mercados físicos y plantea desafíos regulatorios, mientras que indicadores como el PIB muestran limitaciones para captar el valor de activos intangibles, datos y servicios digitales gratuitos. Por ello, se proponen métricas como el PIB-B y la inclusión del capital de datos en la contabilidad nacional. Sectores como agricultura y salud adoptan IA y machine learning para optimizar procesos y reducir costos. El mercado laboral se transforma con la automatización, el teletrabajo y la economía de plataformas, generando oportunidades en empleos digitales y riesgos de precarización, lo que exige políticas de capacitación y reconversión tecnológica. La educación, por su parte, debe fomentar competencias digitales y pensamiento crítico mediante herramientas como Google Colab y plataformas EdTech. Reducir la brecha tecnológica, garantizar equidad y actualizar la regulación son condiciones clave para un desarrollo inclusivo en la economía digital del siglo XXI.

This study presents a comparative analysis of the Cost231-Multi-Wall Model, the Motley-Keenan Model, the Modified Free Space Model, and the Log-Normal Shadowing Path Loss Model, applied to a 5G Wi-Fi network in an indoor analysis. The research seeks to recommend the most appropriate small-scale propagation model based on empirical measurements of signal strength. Initially, the router is located within the analysis area. Then, a detailed sketch is made in SketchUp, locating 133 points around the primary router, covering the entire indoor area of the analysis, ensuring an accurate assessment of the cellular network coverage. Subsequently, with the data collected over three campaigns, propagation losses were calculated to determine the theoretical power of each model and compare the measured power values with the theoretical power values to obtain a specific model. The four propagation models analyzed in the evaluator are based on data obtained in the range [-20 to-91] dBm. It was concluded that the Keenan-Motley propagation model offered a better fit to the measurements, presenting a value of 12.59 dB. In contrast, the Cost 231 model showed a value of 17.18 dB, the Modified Free Space model showed a value of 26.47 dB, and the Log-Normal Shadowing Path Loss model showed a value of 27.57 dB, indicating a greater discrepancy concerning the measured data. This model demonstrated greater accuracy in predicting the reception power compared to the other analysis models, adapting better to the specific characteristics of the environment. These results highlight the importance of strategically locating the router; therefore, it is recommended to locate it in a central location.

El control de sistemas dinámicos no lineales, como el nivel de líquido en un tanque cónico, representa un desafío crítico en diversas aplicaciones militares, en particular para el manejo de líquidos y lodos pesados. Este artículo presenta el diseño de un algoritmo de Control Predictivo Basado en Modelos (MPC) que utiliza Optimización por Enjambre de Partículas (PSO) y Mínimos Cuadrados (LS) para controlar el nivel de un líquido en un tanque cónico. Se construyó un prototipo en un laboratorio de la Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas (ESPE). La investigación destaca las limitaciones de los métodos de control tradicionales, que no logran una respuesta transitoria rápida y a menudo causan sobre impulsos, ante a este problema se plantea la incorporación de algoritmos evolutivos ajustados para un control MPC con el objetivo de mejorar el desempeño del control para sistemas no lineales. 

La convergencia entre el Internet de las Cosas (IoT por sus siglas en inglés) y la Inteligencia Artificial (IA) ha impulsado avances significativos en diversas industrias, como la agricultura, la seguridad, la salud, la automatización del hogar y la gestión de recursos. Este artículo presenta una revisión sistemática de la literatura con el objetivo de identificar aplicaciones, técnicas y beneficios derivados de la integración de ambas áreas tecnológicas. Para ello se aplicó un proceso basado en la metodología PRISMA, que incluyó la selección de publicaciones, así como la extracción y el análisis de datos. Se seleccionaron 53 publicaciones de 725 encontradas en la búsqueda. Se identificó que los sistemas multisensoriales representan el 28.85% de las aplicaciones reportadas, seguidos por la seguridad en IoT con un 21.15% y las ciudades inteligentes con un 15.38%. En cuanto a técnicas de IA, la fusión de datos multisensoriales fue la más empleada (40.38%), seguida por redes neuronales profundas (19.23%) y máquinas de soporte vectorial (15.38%). La mayoría de los estudios analizados reportan precisiones iguales o superiores al 90%. Estos hallazgos evidencian el papel clave de la IA en la mejora de sistemas IoT y destacan las áreas con mayor potencial de desarrollo.  

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound effect on food security worldwide. Colombian farmers were adversely affected by prolonged periods of lockdown, disruptions in the agricultural supply chain, increased poverty levels, and heightened socioeconomic uncertainty. The objective of this study is to evaluate the perceptions of pea producers with regard to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. To this end, and ex-ante (2019) and ex-post (2020-2022) diagnostic analysis was conducted in the south of Nariño. We carried out semi-structured interviews with 35 farmers, four key informants, and three focus groups. A sentiment analysis (text mining) was conducted to process sensitive information on environmental, economic, and intrinsic aspects of the productive system. The results revealed that participants maintained constant levels of happiness and confidence across the two-time periods. However, in the period subsequent to the pandemic, higher levels of anger and sadness were reported, attributed to effects of the pandemic itself and the inherent challenges associated with pea cultivation. The implementation of confinement measures resulted in an increase in feelings of uncertainty and sadness, in addition too the emergence of challenges in fieldwork context. Moreover, the increased production costs were attributed to the greater demand for agricultural inputs and labour in 2020. However, in 2022, the increased the price paid per kilogram of pea grains helped mitigate the adverse impact of the pandemic. The study concludes that the econ economic uncertainty introduced by the COVID-19 pandemic affected crop profitability. Nevertheless, small-scale farmers exhibited remarkable resilience and adaptability, allowing them to persist in growing and selling their pea harvest.

Proper nutritional management is crucial for the development and production of cannabinoids in the cultivation of Cannabis sativa var. Cherry Oregon. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of five concentrations of Steiner nutrient solution on the phenology of medicinal hemp, and to determine the optimal dosage of the nutrient solution for cannabinoid content (cannabidiol [CBD] and tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]). Research was conducted at the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias [INIAP], Estación Experimental Santa Catalina [EESC], in Ecuador, under greenhouse conditions. Five concentrations of Steiner nutrient solution (50, 75, 100, 125 and 150%). Agronomic variables such as plant height, diameter at collar height, yield, and cannabinoid content in flowers were evaluated. Significant effects (p < 0.05) were used. Agronomic variables such as plant height, diameter at neck height, yield, and cannabinoid content in flowers were evaluated.  Significant effects (p < 0.05) were observed in plant height and diameter at neck height. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) remained at concentrations lower than 1%. Concentrations at 75% and 100% of the nutrient solution showed higher levels of cannabidiol (CBD) with 15.3% and 15.15%, respectively. The nutrient solution at 125% and 100% concentrations promoted greater growth in plant height and diameter. The 125% concentration also produced the highest dry biomass yield with 810 g m-2 or 8.1 t ha-1, surpassing the other concentrations. It is concluded that the optimal concentration of Steiner solution was 125% for accumulation of dry biomass, and 75 and 100% for cannabinoid production in flowers (CBD), complying with current regulations (< 1% THC).

The framework of public policies for management of water resources, proposes arguments for the efficient use of water, where technical plot irrigation projects are born, as is the case of the Píllaro-north branch irrigation system, considered one of the most representative experiences of massive and collective pressurized irrigation in the country in the last 20 years. This system currently has more than 5,000 beneficiaries, distributed in 115 irrigation modules, across 3,359 hectares, and 7,700 smallholding lots, with an assigned flow of 1,265 l s-1, and an allocation of 0.39 l s-1 ha-1per hectare. This experience of collective modernization is the result of co-management between users, the state and development agencies. This technification process, which has been carried out for 20 years, has brought with it transformations in the territory, making it a precise scenario for evaluating and analyzing the reasons for its success. This technification experience considered key concepts such as the social construction of technology, where four aspects are closely related: infrastructure and civil work, normative, social and institutional components, at national, provincial and local scales. It is also evidenced that the technification of irrigation is seen in an integral and comprehensive perspective, where a “reproduction of technology” is carried out as an endogenous process, allowing a strong interdependence and unity between infrastructure, regulations and the reagents organization.

Introducción El suelo es un hábitat complejo donde habitan múltiples microorganismos, inclusive aquellos que presentan resistencia. Sin embargo, el uso excesivo de antimicrobianos le ha generado una presión influyendo en que adquieran resistencia de forma acelerada. Los genes de resistencia antimicrobianos a cefotaxima (blaCTX- M), cloranfenicol (cfr), quinolona (qnrS) y colistina (mcr-1), pueden indicar contaminación y ser producto de actividades agropecuarias. Por ello, el objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la presencia de los 4 genes de resistencia en 5 tipologías de uso del suelo de la parroquia La Esperanza, Pichincha, Ecuador. Materiales y métodos Este estudio fue hecho en 2023, con la extracción de ADN de las 25 muestras congeladas pertenecientes a: bosque nativo, bosque plantado, pastizal, zona agrícola y vegetación regenerativa. Las muestras fueron colectadas en febrero del 2019 en la comunidad de Guaraquí, parroquia La Esperanza, Cantón Pedro Moncayo, Provincia Pichincha. Cada muestra se formó con la toma de 5 secciones de un transecto de 50x2m mediante calicatas de 30x30x15cm de profundidad (Rosero Gómez, 2022). Ahora bien, se utilizó el marcador universal del gen 16S ribosomal, para asegurar la presencia de bacterias, un par de cebadores para cada gen de resistencia, ya descritos en literatura, y la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa [PCR]. La presencia o ausencia de los genes fueron comprobados mediante tres repeticiones de la reacción por cada gen, manteniendo el tiempo y temperatura de la PCR, resultado representado con estadística descriptiva. Resultados Se detectó la presencia de los genes blaCTX-M y cfr en el 4% de las muestras (1/25), en bosque nativo, mientras que los genes qnrS y mcr-1 no fueron detectados en ninguna de las muestras. Conclusiones Para concluir, la presencia de blaCTX-M y cfr en una tipología sugiere que el suelo estuvo influenciado por algún tipo de contaminante agropecuario que probablemente pudo haber conservado los genes de resistencia. Por otro lado, la ausencia de los genes blaCTX-M, cfr, qnrS y mcr-1 en bosque plantado, pastizal, zona agrícola y vegetación regenerativa podría indicar que la contaminación por estos genes es mínima o se necesita explorar con metodologías complementarias.  

Conventional agriculture is characterized by excessive use of machinery, agrochemicals, and environmentally unfriendly practices. We aimed to determine the effect of herbicides (glyphosate and paraquat) on the population of rhizosphere microorganisms in Theobroma cacao L. crops in the municipality of Luz de América, Ecuador. The research was carried out between June and November 2019 in a seven-year-old crop planted in a 4x4 m arrangement, with 6.36 % organic matter, silt loam clay loam soil, and pH of 5.93 with identical management throughout the plantation. The treatments were: T1 = systemic herbicide-glyphosate (1.5 l/ha); T2 = contact herbicide-paraquat (1.5 l/ha); and T3 = mechanical control-mower-control; each with six replicates. Three soil subsamples were taken and sent to the laboratories of the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP). The variables measured were population growth, genus identification, and fungal population growth of sample. Statistical analyses were carried out using Tinn-R. Day 28 marked a significant difference between all observations (P-value=0.0269); the presence of microorganisms had a higher concentration when paraquat was used (1,894,001 CFU/ml). The presence of Trichoderma (higher in paraquat) and Fusarium (higher in glyphosate) was noted when evaluating the population development of the fungi. Considering the treatments and the days of observation, it was confirmed that the population of Trichoderma decreased in greater proportion when glyphosate was applied. We conclude that the two herbicides increase the development of Fusarium, although paraquat to a lesser extent, while paraquat favors the presence of Trichoderma.