Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICS ID) is an institution devoted to the investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS ). From the 1990’s the number of cases filed before the ICS ID has increased. Nevertheless, the ICS ID arbitrators’ independence for making their decisions has been questioned, since their awards are said to benefit the developed countries from where foreign investors/claimants tend to be. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to determine whether the decisions made by the ICS ID arbitral tribunals are actually independent from their composition, as for their arbitrators’ nationality, through a statistical study of the awards.

Eurasia (Caucasus, Caspian Sea and Central Asia) is a natural link connecting Europe and China, in commercial, logistics, transport and energetic issues, while avoiding Russia, Iran and sanctions. For over twenty-five years, the legal definition of the Caspian Sea remained unresolved. In 2018, the five riparian Caspian Sea states adopted the Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea. The Convention draws heavily from maritime law, yet avoids defining the Caspian Sea as a sea or a lake and stipulates it as an endorheic basin in specific charts. The Convention is pragmatic, to jointly exploit subsoil [hydrocarbon] resources and lay pipelines without demarcation mechanisms, yet enabling possible restrictions on account of environmental issues.

Introduction. Knowledge about influence of empowerment on academic performance in students with disabilities is essential to the educational success of this group. The objective of this study was to analyze the level of empowerment and its influence on academic performance in university students based on whether they have disabilities or not. An analysis by gender and age was also carried out.Method: Of the 693 students who participated, 67 had some disability and 626 had no disability. The study used the questionnaire drawn up by Rogers, Chamberlin, Ellison and Crean (1997), designed to measure the level of empowerment using 5 factors (Self-esteem / self-efficacy, Power / Impotence; Autonomy; Optimism / Control over the future; Appropriate anger). The questionnaire is made up of 28 items with Likert response rated from 0 to 3 (0 = strongly disagree, to 3 = strongly agree).Results The analysis shows less empowerment among young people with disabilities, especially in younger students and girls. Likewise, the level of academic performance was lower in younger students with disabilities. There were no statistical differences in academic performance according to sex. Finally, a positive relationship between academic achievement and empowerment was found. A positive relationship was also found between academic performance and young students without disabilities.Discussion The results show the importance of enhancing empowerment in young students with disabilities to ensure that they have the skills needed for an appropriate adjustment and academic success. 

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is a quasi-universal international instrument that regulates activities in the oceans. Its proper instrumentation is fundamental for the sustainable use and conservation of the sea. Mexico has not implemented the part XI of the Convention, regarding the conduct of activities in the area, in domestic law. This article delves into two actions that the country could take to advance in this implementation: the development of a national regulations to regulate the matter and the reform of the Federal Law of the Sea. It also proposes a text of reform to the aforementioned law.

This article intends to indetify aspects of the thought of three authors of different cultures and epochs. Francisco de Vitoria, spanish (1483-1546); Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala, quechua/ peruvian (1534/1556 – 1615/1644); Amartya Sen, indian (1933 - ), and in what contributes to the affirmation of the Right to Development of indigenous people. The methodology of the bibliographic review was used in the search for recognition of indigenous identity and dignity, as well as in the equality of sovereignty of the indigenous State to compose the concept of plurinational State and its possibility os application in the Braszilian case.

This paper analyses the issue of forced internal displacement, caused by armed conflicts and other situations of violence. After exposing the legal framework and its main weaknesses, some of the responses the international community has provided will be presented, such as the Kampala Convention. Afterwards, the matter will be studied in light of the migrants and refugees crisis, highlighting the advantages of a regional binding instrument, focusing on the causes and durable solutions. It will be argued that a wide participation of the actors involved, such as the displaced population and non-state armed groups, may offer encouraging perspectives, considering the potential benefits that its involvement may entail.

The inequity of advantages and disadvantages between the foreign investors and the States in treaty-based investment arbitration, has entailed to rethink the negotiation of international agreements. In that sense, States are considering the inclusion of commitments for foreign investors, the denial of benefits and the review of the scope and content of some core provisions. In Urbaser vs. Argentine, the tribunal held the possibility that States act as claimants in investment arbitration disputes. Such statement suggests asking the feasibility to reach that point. This comment assesses some core institutions of arbitration proceedings, as well as the inclusion of commitments for foreign investors in the new generation of investment treaties.

The protocol on amendments to the Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights (Malabo protocol) extends and strengths the jurisdiction of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (AC HPR), to deal with international crimes committed in Africa. This instrument is the fundamental piece around which the first global experience of regionalization of international criminal law takes place. This paper examines, from a critical perspective, the legal gaps and the belligerent elements of this process, which warn of the foreseeable conflict and the concurrence announced between the two jurisdictions of international criminal law: the African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights (AC HPR) and the International Criminal Court (ICC ).