Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The wood construction industry generates large volumes of waste such as rubble, colocho, sawdust, etc., which are not being used since with them we can make or finish a certain product, by virtue of throwing them away, burning them or selling them. The purpose of the study is to characterize the wood waste generated in carpentry workshops in the municipality of Camoapa. The research was of a non-experimental type, for the collection and analysis of primary information, a semi-structured survey was applied to the owners of ten carpentry workshops. The variables evaluated were: wood residues, use of residues and alternatives for use. The data were analyzed using frequency distribution and histograms, for the design of alternatives the SWOT matrix (Weaknesses, Threats, Strengths, Opportunities). It was found that the types of wood waste generated are sawdust in greater quantity, dust, cuttings and colochos in a smaller percentage, they are collected weekly and sometimes daily. The volume of waste generated per cleaning time ranges between 2 kg and 9 kg. 60 % of the workshops make a selection of the waste produced, those who do not argue that they cannot waste their time in this task. 50 % of the carpentry workshops use the waste to complement pieces of other products, on the other hand, the other percentage sell it to housewives and stables. The sale prices range from USD 0.031 a USD 0.093 per kg. 90 % of the owners of carpentry shops said they were interested in being trained to take advantage of wood waste. In conclusion, the waste generated in the carpentry workshops is not used, there is no selection and storage, they are all mixed in one place. An alternative is to use them to make by-products, from a business perspective that generates foreign exchange and reduces production costs.

Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis, Sims) is a tropical fruit that belongs to the Passifloraceae family, in Nicaragua it is planted mainly in Matagalpa, this study was carried out in order to contribute to the scientific knowledge of insects associated with passion fruit, it was established between April and September 2016 in the Molino Sur Sébaco community, Matagalpa, the objective of the study was to identify, calculate the abundance, richness, diversity and feeding habit of the main families of insects associated with passion fruit. The study was carried out on four farms, using three pitfall traps and three gallon traps with molasses and the observational method. The main families of insects found were: Formicidae, Noctuidae, Pyralidae, Tachinidae, Ichneumonidae, Lonchaeidae, Pompilidae, Apidae, Tephritidae and Scarabaeidae. Insect abundance, richness and diversity were calculated, the latter was estimated using the Simpson index. It was found that the greatest abundance and dominance of insects associated with the cultivation of passion fruit was found in the El Conflicto farm, but not the most diverse in number of species. Regarding the richness of insects, ten orders, forty-eight families, sixty-nine genera and 23 identified species were found, among the main eating habits of the insect species associated with the cultivation of passion fruit were, phytophagous, saprophagous, nectarivorous, predatory, polynivore, defoliator and parasitoid.

The estimation of soil erosion with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) method, requires estimating the rainfall erosivity index. The aim of this study is to determine the monthly rainfall erosivity index for the meteorological stations Managua Airport, Rivas at pacific south part, Jinotega at central north part and Juigalpa at central south part of the country. Pluviographs from the stations were used to calculate the rainfall erosivity index, using the equations proposed by Wischmeier & Smith in 1978.The total kinetic energy (E) was estimated for each storm and its maximum intensity in 30 minutes of duration (I30), the storm erosivity index Rt was estimated as the product of EI30, and the monthly rainfall erosivity index Rmes  was estimated as the sum of all the Rt from the storms that belong to a month. The monthlies precipitations data were used to calculate the Fournier modified index IMF. It was obtained linear correlation equations from the monthly values of rainfall erosivity index, and the Fournier modified index with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.70. It was verified the performance of the correlation equations with the coefficient of determination (r2), the Percent Biass (PBIAS) and the root mean square error (RMSE), resulting those the determined correlation equations are good to estimate rainfall erosivity index at monthly scale. The equations could be used through the months May to October, when are presents the significant rainfalls in the Managua, Jinotega, Juigalpa and Rivas departments. The maximums values of the erosivity index R were presents in the periods May-June and September-October.

Guayaba (Psidium guajava L.) is a fruit from tropical and subtropical countries, it grows in various conditions of hot and dry climates. The main objective of this study was the identification of the main insects associated with the crop of guayaba, the study was developed between the months of September to December 2018 in the fruit section of the National University of Agriculture in Catacamas, Honduras, for this research, traps were placed to capture insects, among them, the Pitfall-traps, and the McPhail trap. 10 sampling sites were chosen, where the traps were placed. The distance between sampling points was 96 square meters between Pitfall-traps and at a height of 1.5 meters for the McPhail trap. The collection of samples for each trap was carried out every 15 days, identifying the insects found by each type of trap during the months of study, 13 orders, 40 families, 45 genders and 37 species of insects associated to guayaba were found, with 10 different insect feeding habits. The families with the greatest abundance and richness in guayaba were: Muscidae, Lauxaniidae, Tephritidae, Apidae and Formicidae, the main feeding habits were phytophagous, saprophytic, predatory, parasitoid, nectarivore, hematophagous, omnivore, detritivore. Insect diversity was estimated using the Shannom-weaver diversity index, the mean diversity index found was 1.061.

Food production increasingly demands the use of a greater amount of resources, which constitutes a challenge for researchers and institutions related to the agricultural sector. This leads to changes in production processes by intensifying production areas without overexploiting natural resources. The present work aims to assess the importance of Silvopastoral systems as an alternative in livestock systems, facing the agroecological transition. For this, a review of literature related to the negative effect of livestock on the environment, animal production, silvopastoral systems, forage plants and agroecological livestock of the last ten years was carried out, where current trends are defined in the context of efficiency in the application of sustainable criteria. It is concluded that the application of sustainable production strategies conserves biological diversity and preserves natural resources, likewise the implementation of Silvopastoral systems in livestock reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve the productivity and efficiency of the system, becoming an option for the producer.

This study was carried out in the intertidal zone in the Escalante Chacocente River Wildlife Refuge, Santa Teresa municipality. Its main objective is the determination of the association of the species Arbacia lixula and Ophiocomine nigra based on physical-chemical variables in rocky strata. The diversity of the species Arbacia lixula and Ophiocomina nigra was quantified, through indexes of biological diversity, horseback riding, specific wealth and their distribution in rocky ecosystems through Temporal Space distribution patterns. Sampling was carried out at two times (Dry and Rainy), from January to June in 2018, in 5 rocky strata on Chacocente Beach. The samples were collected through a 1 m2 metal frame. Physical-chemical variables (Temperature, Salinity, pH and OD) were determined. The community structure of the ecosystems consisted of 3 Phylum: Echinodermata (Class Echinoidea and Ophiuroidea), Mollusca (Class Bivalvia and Gasteropoda) and Arthropoda (Malacostraca Class), having 26485 organisms in the two sampling times. The lowest density was found in the dry season (2.99 ind/m2) and the largest in winter with 3.5 ind/m2. The abundance and distribution of species was heterogeneous in the rocky strata. With the Jaccard and Morisita-Horn index, they had high similarity between the rocky strata.  The most abundant species was arbacia lixula, having greater ability to adapt to the different changes that occur in rocky ecosystems than Ophiocomine nigra. As for the composition, distribution and association of species they related to the physicochemical variables of seawater, where variations and fluctuations determine that both species adapt perfectly to changes, allowing them to be associated. As for their ecological importance, these species are good indicators of systemic echo quality, allowing the recruitment of new species in rocky ecosystems.

Citrus fruits are the most economically important fruit crop in the world. In Nicaragua, citrus production generates USD 24.5 million annually. The diseases that can be prevented by inoculating mycorrhizae in rootstocks are root rot caused by Phytophthora sp. and the dry disease of citrus by Fusarium sp. The introduction of disease resistant patterns is a necessity in today's citrus industry. In the last decades, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have been used for the beneficial effect they produce on their hosts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza on the vegetative development of Citrange Troyer and Citrange Carrizo rootstock. The inoculated mycorrhizal fungi were isolated from the Félix, Marino and San José citrus farms. The genus identified with the highest percentage was Glomus sp, with 97 % to 99 %, while the genera Scutellospora sp., Gigaspora sp., Septoglomus sp. and Acaulospora sp., represented 1 % respectively. The percentage of root colonization with the Glomus sp. genus was 93 % for the Troyer graft holder and in Carrizo it was 83 % to 100%. The effect of Glomus sp. was evaluated by measuring the variables plant height (cm), number of leaves, stem diameter (mm), root length (cm) and biomass (g). The results of the analysis of variance and separation of means of Tukey (α = 0.05), show significant differences for the Troyer rootstock in the variables stem diameter and root length with the isolate from the San José farm, in the case of the root Carrizo graft the number of leaves, stem diameter and root length showed the highest values with the isolate from the Felix farm.

The potential use of Moringa oleifera, generates interest to investigate the potential characteristics of promising genetic materials. With the objective of morphological characterization Moringa oleifera cv Honghe plants based on height and basal diameter of plants, number of branches and leaves, number of fruits per plant, length and equatorial diameter of the fruit, number of seeds per fruit and per kilogram, weight, length and diameter of each seed, survival rate, beginning of flowering and fruiting during its initial establishment, a study was carried out at the National Center for Agricultural Research (CNIA) of the Nicaraguan Institute of Agricultural Technology, in Managua, Nicaragua , with 12 trees established at a planting distance of Four meters between rows and between plants in an area of 172.50 m2. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. The results show a survival rate of 91.66 %, height 277.16 cm, basal diameter 5.13 cm, number of leaves 51, number of branches seven, beginning of flowering, at three months of age, with 100 % flowering, at five months of age, beginning of fruiting at 5.5 months of age, with 100 % fruiting with seven months of age. Fruit production per plant was 65 ± 27, fruit length 52.83 ± 5.22 cm, equatorial diameter 1.93 ± 0.38 cm and 21 ± 4 seeds per fruit. The seeds presented mean weight of 0.3366 ± 0.06 grams, length 11.38 ± 1.35 mm, diameter 10.26 ± 0.99 mm and 3.002 ± 30 seeds per kilogram. These results allow to conclude that Moringa oleifera cv Honghe is a promising genetic material because it is a very early and fast growing cultivar, compared to other provenances and cultivars evaluated by other authors in our country.

Water resources are the most sensitive to the effects of Climate Change, so the assessment of their resulting state is essential for the well-being of the Nicaraguan population. In order to generate quantitative information on the dynamics of surface runoff to guide the prioritization of comprehensive management in watersheds with water deficit, the surface runoff of hydrographic units in Nicaragua was estimated with the SWAT hydrological model. The analysis was carried out considering three combinations of climatic scenarios and land uses: first, with the climate of the period 1988-2017 with land use of 2015; the second, the pessimistic climate scenario (RCP 8.5) for the period 2040-2069 with land use from 2015; and the last one, the pessimistic climate scenario (RCP 8.5) for the period 2040-2069 with a proposal to replace agricultural areas on slopes greater than 15 % by agroforestry and silvopastoral systems. In total, 66 hydrographic units were simulated, of which 29 presented a deficient hydrological response. In the 1988-2017 period, surface runoff varied from 65.5 to 497.9 mm and from 70.76 to 689.76 mm in the 2040-2069 period. With the land use proposal, runoff is expected to range from 36.57 to 683.9 mm, reflecting an average decrease of 70.27 mm. Based on these variations, it was concluded that the highest priority units to be managed are those located in Madriz, Nueva Segovia, Estelí and Matagalpa, located within the dry corridor.

The search and importance of educational quality is a topic that we often hear, observe, and read in the different media, institutions and organizations dedicated to education. Research carried out by renowned education specialists such as Howard Gardner, Ken Robinson, Eduard Punset, Daniel Goleman y Alvin Toffler, raises the urgency of transforming educational institutions. From the reality before exposed, the key question for this research arises: Does university education consider multiple intelligences in admission policies and in the curriculum? To answer this question, Howard Gardner's concept of multiple intelligences was used as a theoretical basis, considering that the IQ is immersed among multiple intelligences. In this first stage of research, the class groups that the researchers attended in the 2018-2019 period were selected. The multiple intelligences test was retaken, which was put online so that the participants could proceed to answer it individually. The test contains a battery of thirty-five (35) closed questions and was answered by 69 students from different professions. The results after some important considerations: the first, referring to the fact that the participating average students have marked multiple intelligence diversity, but not related to the professions; According to Gardner's methodology, the four points must be reached to have a marked intelligence. The other important element to consider is that students could further expand their types of intelligences under favorable conditions. Failure to find outstanding intelligences could mean students who have developed their potential, in unfavorable fields and fields. The other important element is the fact of avoiding multiple intelligences as variables that consider the professional inclinations of students.