Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Implementations of the MQTT-SN to MQTT protocol converter have considered that MQTT-SN operates over the network layer. In wireless sensor networks with linear topology, there is a single path and wireless nodes have a single interface, therefore, no routing protocols would be necessary. This paper presents the state diagram of the protocol converter to be used in a network with MQTT-SN encapsulated in the link layer as an input for further implementation. To develop the state diagram, the methodology of the unified modeling language was used; the state diagrams contain processes that allow the codification of the protocol converter. A theoretical and functional review of the MQTT and MQTT-SN protocols was carried out to learn about the messages included in each one, and the message fields that interact in the conversion process. The event associated with the arrival of messages at the converter activates state changes and triggers a series of processes that conclude in the generation of a converted message. To find inconsistencies or solve logic problems in the states and processes obtained in the state diagram, the UPPAAL tool was used.

Bananas are one of Ecuador's main export crops, constituting the most important agricultural activity in the country's economy. As with other crops, musacea production is subject to various phytosanitary problems that affect yields, for example, the black weevil (Cosmopolitos sordidus). It is an insect pest that attacks the root system affecting the vegetal’s normal absorption of nutrients and water. Severe attacks may even cause the plant to overturn. This study evaluates the efficiency of two variations of ethological traps using banana pseudostem for the black palm weevil control. These are the sandwich and V-type traps, located at heights of 25 cm, 50 cm, and 100 cm; they are considered the treatments. The evaluations were carried out from the third day after the installation of the traps, with five evaluations per treatment in total. The results showed that the best treatments were the traps placed at 25 cm, whereas the sandwich trap at 25 cm was the most effective treatment with an average specimen capture rate of 11.50 specimens. The highest efficiency was three days after its installation, with an average of 34 captures, decreasing in the last evaluation after 15 days with an average of 10.25 captures. The traps also captured specimens of the striped weevil (Metamasius hemipterus) and the palm weevil (Rhynchophorus palmarum).

The impact on the consumption of audiovisual content in young university students who use the Internet in current Ecuadorian society, proposes to be able to identify patterns of how these young people are developing skills and learning strategies with the new media, what is the theoretical contribution and explanation from the network society, virtual society, hypermediations, interfaces to metaverses. The objective of this study is to analyze and reflect on how technological disruption through the Internet, social networks and audiovisual consumption transforms the social. The methodology used is of a mixed type in a single study where first a documentary bibliographical review was made and as a second moment, a survey was carried out where a focus group of university students with studies in different artistic disciplines was defined, the sample was 376 young people. out of a population of 16,540. It is concluded that citizens who are informed and articulated to new technologies are those who will be more capable of creating, producing knowledge, information and, ultimately, value in an economy that is based on information and knowledge. Young people enter into contact with new technologies at ever younger ages. The virtuality in which one lives is one of the fundamental dimensions of reality, one lives with the Internet and the connection between the virtual and the face-to-face, there are not two societies, what there are are two forms of relationship and social activity.

This investigation was carried out in Naranjal in ten randomly selected farms.  These farms produce national or fine-aroma cocoa. Observations and measurements were made to morphologically characterize the Forastero and Trinitario cocoa. Descriptive statistics parameters were applied to a group of morphological variables such as weight, length, and width of the fruit, roughness, thickness and coloration of the pericarp, and number of seeds per fruit, of each of the plants that make up the sample, according to which ten ears were taken and from each ear, five seeds were described taking determinations of variables such as weight, length, width and thickness of the seed, weight of the pulp, and taste. Likewise, ten random flowers were taken from each plant to measure their structures. After the analysis of each of these variables individually, a multiple regression analysis was applied to obtain information on the degree of participation of the variables. Then, the variables of coloration, weight, shape, and roughness of the fruit were obtained to separate the evaluated plants for similar phenotypic characteristics, that were later subjected to an ANOVA to show which of the groups had greater statistical variability. A greater participation of the Foreign type and less of the Trinitarian type was found. Also, it was found that the most important characters for the characterization are found in the fruit.

This documents the current state of the photovoltaic systems for public lighting in the side avenue of Loja, Ecuador. It aims to identify the principal causes of its low performance during night hours that affects the citizens and the university community since this avenue is an alternative route that links several sectors of Loja city. On the other hand, the grouping of data collected through the application of a survey of residents near the avenue made it possible to identify their degree of satisfaction with the installed lighting. The main conclusions of this study suggest that the constant maintenance of photovoltaic systems must be taken into account when they are exposed to the open air, as well as the environmental conditions under which they work; in this case, they work with a changing climate.

A low density of pluviometric stations on the coast of Ecuador, together with discontinuous and incomplete records, induce the estimation of the equations of the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves to be complex. It leads to overestimates or underestimates of rainfall in sectors without enough data. The purpose of this research is to create a regionalized map of the parameters for the equation of the IDF curves in the provinces of Santa Elena and Manabí. The precipitation data from the available meteorological stations were used in statistical analysis to verify if they adjust a probabilistic distribution. In addition, each parameter of the equations corresponding to each station has been determined by using multiple linear regression. The resulting parameters were distributed in the study area through spatial analysis methods such as Inverse Distance Weighting and Ordinary Kriging in the QGIS software. The validity of each method has been demonstrated with stations that have been excluded in the spatial analysis. Therefore, an error of less than 10% has been verified. The Ordinary Kriging method has shown a more adequate distribution, from which the map published in ArcGIS Online has been generated. This map allows the reading of the parameters for the equation of the IDF curves at any coordinate inside the study provinces.

An expansive clay undergoes large variations in volume according to the changes in humidity to which it is exposed, producing an expansion with increasing humidity and a contraction with its reduction. This phenomenon generates significant problems in the works that must be founded on this type of soil. This experimental design consists of laboratory tests to determine the physical and mechanical properties of three samples of expansive clay compared to stabilized soil samples. Stabilization is obtained by replacing the soil with various percentages of ash to control its volume change. For this purpose, two types of ashes are used: the first one from the Tungurahua volcano and the other of organic origin (rice husk ash), combined in a proportion of equal parts (50% - 50% by weight). The tests were applied on soil samples with replacements of 10%, 20%, and 30% by weight of the clayey soil, by the ash stabilizing mixture. The combination of ash in the soil mass achieves a reduction of the volume change effect typical of pure expansive clays, a reduction in the liquid limit, a decrease of the specific gravity, a decrease of the expansion index, and an increase of the shear strength and consolidation coefficient.

The chequered application, since 2000, of integrated policies to eradicate the intersectional root causes of child labour sits more recently in a wider political context of recrudescent populist ethnonationalism accompanied by weakened respect by the governments of many countries for the rules-based international system and rights-based development. The author suggests that (apart from Northern-centric trade and policy interests) influential populist-nationalist governments (including those of the United Kingdom (linked to Brexit), and Australia (linked to the “Bali Process”) have contributed to diverting global attention from the largest cohort intended to benefit from Sustainable Development Goal Target 8.7 - the 160 million children now in child labour - by conflating forced labour with trafficking and trafficking with migration and asylum. This conflation seeks to demonise asylum-seekers, refugees, and economic migrants. It is an important element of the discourse of populist-nationalist ruling parties in their search for continued electoral support and reflects a willingness to violate international law protecting human rights.

The progressive development of wireless communications worldwide, and the need for devices to be used simultaneously in different frequency bands to satisfy the services provided in them, has triggered research to find economical, simple solutions with the required quality. In this situation, microstrip antennas, due to their characteristics, are one of the most suitable options for achieving a solution. This paper proposes the design and simulation of a multiband antenna with circular polarization using a microstrip feed in the 1800 MHz and 2.4 GHz frequency bands.  According to the research results, this antenna can be used for LTE cellular telephony in the 1800 MHz band 3 and WLAN applications such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth in the 2.4 GHz band. The entire design, simulation, and optimization process were conducted in CST Studio Suite 2017 software.

The article revisits the refugee policies of Ancient Athens and Ancient Rome and highlights how exploring them reveals the value of the contemporary acquis of international law for actively addressing refugee crises triggered by military invasion. The nexus between refugee flows, the undermining of ancient civilizations, and the value of legal corpuses has long been overlooked by contemporary literature. It is a gap that the article intends to fill by inquiring possible explanations for Athens’ and Rome’s failures in managing the Attican and Gothic refugee crisis. The article offers a historical analysis of the abovementioned refugee crises. The contribution of this article is two-fold: the article not only calls attention to the unpreparedness and lack of foresight in the refugee policies of the Ancient Athenians and Romans, but it also highlights how certain mistakes could have been avoided and why these failures remain relevant to modern society from an international law perspective. The results of the analysis are supported robustly by the triangulation of ancient testimonies with modern academic references.