Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

In this study we used a recent cross-sectional survey data in Niger state, Nigeria to examine the relationship between shock impact, risk perception and adoption of risk mitigation methods among farming households in Niger state, Nigeria. The specific objectives are to; (i) describe risks perception among the farming households; (ii) examine the determinants of future risk perception among the farmers; and (iii) describe the mitigation methods applied by the households.  A frequency table was used to describe impact and future risk perception; Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression was used to analyze the determinants of future risk perception among the farming households, and a graph was used to describe the mitigation methods applied by the households. The result showed that the majority of the respondents experienced extreme weather events with the mean of 2 times per household and experienced the highest severity. The most perceived future risks in five years were extreme weather events with a mean of 6 times per household over five years and predicted with the highest severity. OLS regression result showed that weather impact, biological impact, economic impact, socio-political impact and household head age were significant and positive determinants of future risk perception. While marital status was negatively related to future risk perception. The mitigation methods mostly employed in the area were drought-tolerant crops (63%), diversification of crop, plot and livestock (61%), buffer stock (55%), dry season irrigated rice farming (41%). The study recommends that farmers should be encouraged to diversify their sources of livelihood to boost their adaptive capacity. The government needs to invest more in the expansion of irrigation facilities to ensure all-year-round food production and to improve households’ welfare.

Our original peoples carried out agriculture in a very different way from that imposed by the Europeans in the 16th century, one of its forms were the pre-Hispanic raised beds, elevated soil structures that allowed it to be kept moist in the dry season and well drained in the rainy season, a farming method friendly to the environment, contrasting with conventional farming of intense soil tillage. At the El Madroño farm owned by COOPAD, Diriamba, trials were conducted in 2017 and 2018 to determine the effect that tillage has on the hydrophysical and chemical properties of the soil, comparing two methods: pre-Hispanic raised beds and conventional tillage. In each one, three crop association systems were established: Maize (Zea mays L.) and common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Maize, common beans and squash (Cucurbita argyrosperma H.) and Pujagua maize and amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.), extracting three soil samples (June, September and December). It was established in a divided plot design with repeated measures in time with plot structure in BCA, finding an increase in moisture retention in Pre-Hispanic raised beds systems of 3.2 in June, 0.1 in September and 2.5 % in December, compared to the of conventional tillage as well as better apparent density values (0.83 g cm3) and a decrease in soil temperature (2.6 degrees less). The values of organic matter (6.69 %), pH (6.70), as well as the amounts of nitrogen (0.30 %), phosphorus (6.03 parts per million) and potassium (1.81 meq 100/g of soil) are also manifested in a higher way. in the system of pre-Hispanic raised beds to those obtained in conventional tillage, which is why they represent a viable agroecological option.

The purpose of the research was to analyze the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of the livelihoods of rural families in the face of climate change in three municipalities of the department of Madriz (Totogalpa, Palacagüina and Telpaneca) located in the dry corridor of the country. The assessment of the impact, vulnerability and adaptive capacity to climate change of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2007 was taken as the main theoretical reference. The methodology used was mixed, quantitative and qualitative, using the survey as the main instrument and applied to rural families, in addition to a focus group, interviews with territorial actors and a case study. The variables evaluated were exposure index, sensitivity index and adaptive capacity index, broken down into 62 indicators. A variance analysis was performed to determine statistical differences between the indicators and descriptive statistics to determine the degree of vulnerability. The results show that the territories differ statistically in 80% of the indicators. In addition, the average vulnerability to climate change is x̄ 63.19 for Totogalpa, x̄ 62.94 for Palacagüina and x̄ 66.05 for Telpaneca, the latter territory being the one with the largest population segment (86.44%) in a high degree of vulnerability (61-80). The lack of water is the main problem that affects the majority of families in the three municipalities (98.29%).

Because pork meat is in high demand, pig farms implement artificial insemination to produce a greater proportion of this protein; however, it is valuable to take into account many aspects at the time of heat detection and timely inseminate to achieve production goals. In this article we present the progress of a bibliographical review on the repeated identification of errors or oversights, incurred by human factors, that do not favor the pregnancy of the sows inseminated with any of the different techniques or in the procedures carried out for the collection and evaluation of the semen. For this, various types of documents (mainly articles and degree theses) have been considered in university repositories, in indexed journals and in recognized databases. In these reviews, it is verified that the personnel in charge of carrying out each one of the processes to inseminate must not only have a deep and updated knowledge about the characteristics of the reproducers or about the analysis of porcine sperm, but must also know about the different stages of the sow's estrus and the optimal moment to inseminate; important factors to achieve the expected pregnancy and increase reproductive rates on farms. In this sense, the decrease in the percentage of artificially inseminated pregnant sows is attributed to failures directly related to this process, ignorance of specific factors in each of the steps to inseminate and insufficient preparation of the people who perform it; For this reason, it is important that they have a high level of training that allows them to implement and develop the different insemination techniques to improve and increase pig production

Coffee production is limited by pests, which reduce yields and lower quality. The objectives of this research were the identification of phytopathogenic bacteria, description of symptoms in the field and in vitro sensitivity to bactericides for agricultural use. Four coffee farms from the department of Jinotega and one from the department of Matagalpa, with a history of bacterial diseases, were selected; the tissue samples collected consisted of leaves, bandolas, fruits, and flowers. The identification of genera of phytopathogenic bacteria was carried out from the morphological characteristics of bacterial growth and the presence of fluorescent pigments in King B. The identification of bacteria species was carried out with an oxidase test and acid production tests from carbohydrates. The pathogenicity of the bacteria was evaluated by means of the hypersensitivity test in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) as a non-host plant. The sensitivity and inhibition of bacteria to bactericides was determined by the Bauer- Kirby method (agar diffusion method) and was evaluated in diameters (mm). The bactericides evaluated were oxytetracycline hydrochloride 5 WP, streptomycin plus oxytetracycline 16. 5 WP, oxolinic acid 20 WP and copper sulfate 24 SC. The species of bacteria identified were Pseudomonas syringae, Pseudomonas corrugata and Pseudomonas cichorii. In this investigation Pseudomonas cichorii was the most frequent in the different isolates, Pseudomonas syringae was isolated in all the coffee varieties sampled. The isolated bacterial species were positive to the hypersensitivity test, indicating that they are pathogenic for coffee cultivation. The symptoms on leaves, branchs and flowers caused by Pseudomonas spp are dark-brown spots, irregular in shape and size, generally surrounded by yellowish and translucent halos. The bactericide that showed the best effect by showing larger diameters in the bacterial inhibition halos was oxolinic acid.

Thrips (Insecta:Thysanoptera) are pests that affect ejote francés (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) there are agronomic practices that favor the increase of insect populations, such as fertilization. The objective of the research was to establish the effect of nitrogenous fertilizers and free amino acids in different concentrations on the populations of trips of the species Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and Trips tabaci (Lindeman), in the cultivation of French beans. Nine plots were established, three concentrations of nitrogen fertilizers (urea 46 %) (71 kg ha-1, 95 kg ha-1 y 119 kg ha-1) and organic fertilizer (compost) (3 825 kg ha-1, 5 100 kg ha-1 y 6 375 kg ha-1), three concentrations of free amino acids (0.75 L ha-1, 1 L ha-1, 1.25 L ha-1) were evaluated. response variables were: number of adults and nymphs/plant and number of adults and nymphs in each phase of plant development. The concentrations of the recommended dose for urea nitrogen of 95 kg ha-1 and 119 kg ha-1 and free amino acids of 1 L ha-1 and 1.25 L ha-1 had a positive effect on thrips populations in the nymphal stage and adults (p = < 0.0001), mainly in the production phase of the crop, which indicates the importance of correct management of these fertilizers in the cultivation of French beans to avoid favoring the increase of thrips populations.

Coffee production is limited by pests, which reduce yields and lower quality. The objectives of this research were the identification of phytopathogenic bacteria, description of symptoms in the field and in vitro sensitivity to bactericides for agricultural use. Four coffee farms from the department of Jinotega and one from the department of Matagalpa, with a history of bacterial diseases, were selected; the tissue samples collected consisted of leaves, bandolas, fruits, and flowers. The identification of genera of phytopathogenic bacteria was carried out from the morphological characteristics of bacterial growth and the presence of fluorescent pigments in King B. The identification of bacteria species was carried out with an oxidase test and acid production tests from carbohydrates. The pathogenicity of the bacteria was evaluated by means of the hypersensitivity test in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) as a non-host plant. The sensitivity and inhibition of bacteria to bactericides was determined by the Bauer- Kirby method (agar diffusion method) and was evaluated in diameters (mm). The bactericides evaluated were oxytetracycline hydrochloride 5 WP, streptomycin plus oxytetracycline 16. 5 WP, oxolinic acid 20 WP and copper sulfate 24 SC. The species of bacteria identified were Pseudomonas syringae, Pseudomonas corrugata and Pseudomonas cichorii. In this investigation Pseudomonas cichorii was the most frequent in the different isolates, Pseudomonas syringae was isolated in all the coffee varieties sampled. The isolated bacterial species were positive to the hypersensitivity test, indicating that they are pathogenic for coffee cultivation. The symptoms on leaves, branchs and flowers caused by Pseudomonas spp are dark-brown spots, irregular in shape and size, generally surrounded by yellowish and translucent halos. The bactericide that showed the best effect by showing larger diameters in the bacterial inhibition halos was oxolinic acid

Our original peoples carried out agriculture in a very different way from that imposed by the Europeans in the 16th century, one of its forms were the pre-Hispanic raised beds, elevated soil structures that allowed it to be kept moist in the dry season and well drained in the rainy season, a farming method friendly to the environment, contrasting with conventional farming of intense soil tillage. At the El Madroño farm owned by COOPAD, Diriamba, trials were conducted in 2017 and 2018 to determine the effect that tillage has on the hydrophysical and chemical properties of the soil, comparing two methods: pre-Hispanic raised beds and conventional tillage. In each one, three crop association systems were established: Maize (Zea mays L.) and common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Maize, common beans and squash (Cucurbita argyrosperma H.) and Pujagua maize and amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.), extracting three soil samples (June, September and December). It was established in a divided plot design with repeated measures in time with plot structure in BCA, finding an increase in moisture retention in Pre-Hispanic raised beds systems of 3.2 in June, 0.1 in September and 2.5 % in December, compared to the of conventional tillage as well as better apparent density values (0.83 g cm3) and a decrease in soil temperature (2.6 degrees less). The values of organic matter (6.69 %), pH (6.70), as well as the amounts of nitrogen (0.30 %), phosphorus (6.03 parts per million) and potassium (1.81 meq 100/g of soil) are also manifested in a higher way. in the system of pre-Hispanic raised beds to those obtained in conventional tillage, which is why they represent a viable agroecological option.

Thrips (Insecta:Thysanoptera) are pests that affect ejote francés (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) there are agronomic practices that favor the increase of insect populations, such as fertilization. The objective of the research was to establish the effect of nitrogenous fertilizers and free amino acids in different concentrations on the populations of trips of the species Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and Trips tabaci (Lindeman), in the cultivation of French beans. Nine plots were established, three concentrations of nitrogen fertilizers (urea 46 %) (71 kg ha-1, 95 kg ha-1 y 119 kg ha-1) and organic fertilizer (compost) (3 825 kg ha-1, 5 100 kg ha-1 y 6 375 kg ha-1), three concentrations of free amino acids (0.75 L ha-1, 1 L ha-1, 1.25 L ha-1) were evaluated. response variables were: number of adults and nymphs/plant and number of adults and nymphs in each phase of plant development. The concentrations of the recommended dose for urea nitrogen of 95 kg ha-1 and 119 kg ha-1 and free amino acids of 1 L ha-1 and 1.25 L ha-1 had a positive effect on thrips populations in the nymphal stage and adults (p = < 0.0001), mainly in the production phase of the crop, which indicates the importance of correct management of these fertilizers in the cultivation of French beans to avoid favoring the increase of thrips populations.

Most of the coffee production in Nicaragua is grown under shade, which allows the capture of significant volumes of carbon from the atmosphere that, under the concept of payment for environmental services, would mean the generation of other income for the producer. The objective was to calculate the volumes of carbon stored by trees, coffee bushes, mulch and soil in the agroforestry system with coffee and estimate its economic value. The research was non-experimental under a methodological process of three phases: planning, execution and analysis and interpretation of results; The sample was selected based on criteria defined by the Union of Cooperatives, among them: leading producer in his community, altitudinal floor between 600 and 900 m, producer open to communication and who applied the training provided by the Cooperative, the sample It was composed of two agroforestry systems close to 900 masl and two close to 600 masl. A single sampling plot of 0.25 ha was used to whose sampled trees and shrubs allometric equations were applied, the mulch was subjected to moisture discount, dry matter was obtained from them and the carbon factor of 0.5 was applied. For the soil, apparent density (g cm-3) and organic carbon (%) were determined to be used in the formula of Andrade and Ibrahim, 2003. The soil component was the one that presented the highest average volume of stored carbon with 80.86 t C ha-1 followed by trees, mulch and coffee bushes with 15.58, 6.21 and 1.22 t C ha-1 respectively. The agroforestry systems with the highest and lowest volume of carbon stored were Los Chilamates and Las Quebradas with 119.22 and 89.01 t C ha-1. Based on the carbon stored, producers could receive other income from carbon capture from 874.36 to 652.80 US dollars per hectare. based on stored CO2. It is recommended to carry out the study with a greater number of producers and have relevant base information to manage the carbon storage payment project.