Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The main objective of this scientific article is to develop a guide to develop the operationalization of variables and is aimed at teachers, researchers, undergraduate and graduate students involved with scientific research from the quantitative route. It is intended to show a tool that allows students and researchers to know the fundamental criteria and the steps to follow to develop a table of operationalization of variables, both from the theoretical part and from the practice. This guide is developed in six fundamental parts: The variables, the conceptual definition of the variables, the operational definition, dimensions, indicators and the measurement scale. Each section collects the theorization of more than twenty authors of books aligned to the topic and the experience gathered by the author in the practice of university and research teaching.

In this work, the results of the laboratory tests applied to 30 pieces of concrete blocks are presented: 15 with 2 holes and 15 solid ones, manufactured mechanically and made by hand, in 3 manufacturing sites in the city of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. The purpose of the laboratory tests is to determine the geometric characteristics (dimensions) and the resistance to compression of the pieces; likewise, compare the results obtained with current standards. The results show that the average compressive strength does not comply with what is established in the standard; On one hand, the average compressive strength obtained in hollow parts varies between 67.90 kg/cm2 (mechanical manufacture) and 13.44 kg/cm2 (handmade), and is below 90kg/cm2, which corresponds to the value established in the standard; On the other hand, the average resistance obtained in the pieces of solid blocks varies between 68.22 kg/cm 2 (mechanical manufacture) and 12.67 kg/cm2 (handmade), which, compared to the value of 150 kg/cm2 of the standard, it is observed that the results are extremely below the established recommendation. The previous results warn of the need to control the quality of the compressive strength of the concrete blocks, manufactured by the supplier companies, to guarantee that they comply with the standards of masonry structures for homes or other types of buildings, and with this, contribute to reducing the seismic vulnerability of the homes of low- income families in the state of Chiapas, who prefer the use of this material because of its low cost.

Climate change, the destruction of forests, the pollution of rivers and oceans, the decrease in the ozone layer, the increase in cardiovascular diseases, among other worrying signs, have caused more and more people to decide to consume eco-healthy products. This trend, which is pressuring companies to produce eco-friendly items, must be addressed by marketing and education. For this reason, in the last six years we have collaborated with local organic producers, in a systematic work where students of the Licenciatura en Comunicación de la Facultad de Humanidades de la Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas have been involved to offer marketing proposals from green marketing. With this strategy we have sought that students also become aware of environmental problems, from the perspective of eco-education and through practical proposals, as an axis of local and micro response to global environmental problems. The methodological approach we use has been participatory action research, where producers have contributed knowledge, experiences and points of view, which has resulted in a learning process around environmental education, as well as a marketing proposal for the entrepreneurs. On this occasion, we collect the results obtained from August to December 2019, where nine redesign proposals and commercial strategies were made based on elements of green marketing, such as ethical values, transparency, sustainable development, accountability and social responsibility. The application of these strategies allowed to increase the sales of the producers in a variable percentage between 5 and 70%, and, above all, to stimulate the awareness for a better coexistence with the planet on the part of young university students.

The inappropriate disposal of Waste from Construction and Demolition (WCD), particularly glass, leads to many economic and environmental problems. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to evaluate the effects of reusing crushed glass as a partial substitute for natural sand on the compressive strength of masonry mortars. To achieve the above, a conventional mortar mixture (cement, sand, and water) was designed in a 1:4 ratio of cement-sand which works as a control mixture. Based on the design of the base mixture, partial substitutions in dry weight of the natural sand were made for crushed glass in the proportions 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Once the mortars were made, they were subjected to a curing process by immersion in water and subsequently tested at curing ages of 7, 14, and 28 days. The experimental results showed that, compared to conventional mortar, replacing sand with crushed glass by 10% increases the compressive strength of mortars, while if the natural aggregate is replaced by 20%, the resistance is like the control mortar. Consequently, reusing crushed glass as a partial substitute for sand is a viable option and contributes to the protection of material banks of natural aggregates and the reduction of excessive accumulation of glass in municipal landfills.

This article addresses the symbolic burden that rural populations maintain in the XV Meseta Comiteca Tojolabal region of the state of Chiapas based on the ethnographic study among residents of the Francisco Sarabia ejido around the pilgrimage they carry out in honor of the Virgin Corazón de María, same that culminates in the archaeological zone of Tenam Puente. This study plays an important role in the current configuration of the appropriation of indigenous and peasant territories in the XXI century, since it is one of the few experiences in Chiapas where rural populations make use of these institutionalized spaces (archaeological zones) for the realization of rituals with an agricultural sense. The methodological route that guided the research work that is presented here is based on qualitative research, particularly from ethnography, when developing a descriptive-interpretive record of the pilgrimage carried out by the residents of the ejido.

The outbreak of the COVID-19 disease caused a great damage globally, where education has used the information and communication technologies (ICT) to transform face-to-face teaching to virtual one. The implementation in Ecuador of mandatory preventive isolation (APO), higher education institutions applied strategies that, supported by ICT, provided an environment conducive to tele-education, however, students despite to be at home suffer the ravages of isolation. Due to the aforementioned, this research aims to determine the influence in the academic performance of students of engineering careers of the Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí University extension El Carmen due to the application of the APO, for that, a quantitative analysis was applied based on the scores of the total students enrolled in the periods 2019 (2) and 2020 (1), the data was tabulated and interpreted using the informatic tool MiniTab and SPSS. With the results achieved, it was determined that isolation has had a significant impact on students, particularly male students compared to female students.

Currently, nanotechnology is an emerging interdisciplinary knowledge area. This discipline encompasses biomedical, food, energy, arms, and industrial uses of it. Despite its applications' potential, there is a need to ethically consider the benefits and risks that nanotechnology uses and development represent for natural, economic, and social ecosystems. This document analyzes ethical issues of the use of nanotechnology. An analysis of the risk and regulatory aspects can be carried out considering its bioethical dimensions. For these reasons, a reflection related to the ethical and bioethical implications of the different nanotechnological applications becomes relevant without neglecting their possible benefits and threats. In general, these reflections must drive researchers to influence the national and international regulatory framework for not limiting scientific progress. It also ensures that said progress does not threaten human beings' safety and the planet in general.

From November 25 to December 10 of last year, the 16-day campaign of activities to end violence against women and girls was carried out, which the United Nations Secretary General has promoted since 2008. Derived from my participation in the 2020 campaign, in this document I present some data about the current state of violence suffered by women; of the progress and pending issues that we still have in Mexico in this matter.

This article aims to analyze the field of study of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in regard to autonomous vehicles (VA). Through a bibliometric study, an overview of this research area was constructed. From the scientific production available on the Web of Science (WoS) database, we sought to recognize the critical issues that are being addressed about autonomous vehicles and the use of AI in them. Assuming which direction Artificial Intelligence in autonomous vehicles is taking is relevant to point out paths for recent research, infrastructure, laws, and official policies, mainly in Latin America, where the subject is little explored.

David Toscana is one of the fundamental voices in Mexican contemporary narrative. Due to the omissions and negations embodied in his novels, David Toscana demands active participation by the reader. Toscana’s work incites the reader to go deep into a maddening realism, that subverts all logic and bends a wide range of norms. This article proposes a new approach to Duel for Miguel Pruneda, by David Toscana, that analyses the text-reader interactions motivated by the novel, which also create a peculiar aesthetic effect of both rejection and empathy for the characters. To follow this objective, this article draws upon Wofgang Iser’s theory of the aesthetic effect.