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Revista Ágora Unlar, volúmen 7 número 17. Completo

Editorial Revista Ágora Unlar Volumen 7 Número 17

Introduction: A welding process to join two pieces of work with the presence of an electric arc is linked to a dynamical system represented by the interaction of two governing equations. Objectives: The general objective of this research was to develop a mathematical model for the analysis of thermal behavior in the GMAW electric arc welding process of a structural steel. Methodology: making an investigation of the descriptive propositional type, with a descriptive scope, a quantitative approach, On the other hand, the methodology of numerical simulation was used with the technique of the Finite Element Method (MEF) and the main instrument that was handled to process all the information collected was a CAE software (Computer Aided Engineering)."  Results: the approximate solutions of the interaction of the partial differential equation (EDP) of heat conduction and the Goldak mobile source equation were found, to present a proposal that ended with the analytical, descriptive part of the maximum temperature of the electric arc, the isothermal curves, and the Thermally Affected Zone (ZAT) of a virtual specimen for a given time. For the theoretical validation of the proposed model, another CAE software was used. Conclusions: it is concluded that the mathematical model developed is efficient and valid since for a specific time the relative errors of 2.43% and 1.01% were obtained when comparing the maximum temperatures of the cord and the useful length of the ZAT, respectively.

Introduction: The tendency to improve social and environmental conditions on the planet has made possible the emergence of people with a high degree of co-responsibility in consumption, who are looking for products that are linked to socially and environmentally ethical production processes. Objective: To propose the analysis of the acceptance of the brand ESPOCH, “Politécnica Latinoamericana por el comercio justo,” which aims to measure at what level consumers are willing to accept a brand that reflects the essence. Methodology: For this purpose, a digital survey was conducted, a representative sample of polytechnic students was considered, the correlation of iconicity, structure, and incidence that the brand has implicitly with the level of acceptance was determined, independence of the variables used the Chi Square statistic, the symmetrical measures used to measure the strength of correlation were Pearson's Phi and Cramer's V. Results: These indicate the presence of positive correlation, with a low level of strength in most cases. This can be understood by the fact that fair trade is a new commercial activity, which determines the need to raise the level of consumer awareness. It is necessary to expand the digital channels, where the application of ICT can contribute to meet this need. Discussion: The language of the brand turned out to be independent of acceptance, it is usually subjective, and the consumer hardly stops to interpret the logo "it is necessary to understand the context of the meaning of the brand as objects endowed with symbolic meanings" Conclusion: From the results obtained, it can be said that the brand "ESPOCH Politécnica Latinoamericana por el Comercio Justo", has been accepted by consumers, but partially, it is subject to a process of recognition and validation.

Introduction. The SAS are a type of commercial company that is constituted by one or several natural or legal persons, through a simplified procedure at no cost. Its objective is to promote the economy through the formalization of enterprises, constituting them as subjects of credit and thereby expanding their production processes. Objective. It is intended to address the simplified stock company "SAS", within the context of contractualization between spouses in Ecuador. Methodology. A methodology based on a documentary-type bibliographic design was applied. Results. The consequent start of activities of the SAS to the Ecuadorian regulation from a positive angle holds a legal tool where small and medium-sized entrepreneurs, and even large entrepreneurs have an instrument that, based on the principle of autonomy of the will, consents to the actions in a community structured in favor of its economic interests, over time it will be possible to give a real analysis in relation to the practical benefit. Conclution. Simplified share companies represent a milestone in contractualization between spouses in Ecuador, first of all, due to the ease of additional incorporation and zero operating costs, in parallel with the flexibility of formalities, which makes it very attractive. Comparably, the possibility of covering family assets with limited liability is a very important factor to consider, especially at the precise moment when the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have severely affected the national economy and where the assets of participants in marital partnerships are at serious risk of seizure.

Introduction. The micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) that are registered in Ecuador are responsible for the growth of production, the generation of jobs, the digital transformation, and the productive efficiency of the country. MiPymes participate in the productive activities of the economy. Objective. To determine the positive association between management skills, strategic planning, and competitiveness in commercial MSMEs in Azogues, Ecuador. Methodology. The methodological approach was based on a quantitative approach, non-probabilistic and intentional sampling was applied. The research is exploratory, descriptive, and correlational; it is also cross-sectional or transactional and non-experimental. The population was finite of 156 research subjects, a questionnaire was applied to a sampling frame that includes 112 MSMEs. Results. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied to determine the normality or not of the data collected, a p value of 0,00 was obtained for the three variables, which indicates that the data correspond to a normal distribution (p<0.05). 05), to determine the correlation of the same the Pearson test was applied, in the independent variable Prom_Managerial_Skills 0.587** was obtained in relation to the dependent variable Prom_Competitiveness with a Bilateral Sig. of 0.000 <0.05 of the p-value consequently it is statistically significant. The independent variable Prom_PlanningStrategy shows a strong correlation of 0.578** and a bilateral sig. of 0.000 < 0.05 p-value, there is a correlation with the variable Prom_Competitiveness and it is statistically significant. The results suggest that there is a significant and direct relationship with a significant degree of relationship. Conclusions. The findings of this research show that managerial skills and strategic planning have a positive impact on the competitiveness of MSMEs.

Introduction. Throughout life, people have had to pay taxes, the government oversees regulating and establishing mandates that must be fulfilled under the demands of society and one of these is taxes. Objective. Analyze the unconstitutionality of Executive Decree No. 298 regarding the reduction of the Foreign Currency Outflow Tax. Methodology. A methodology with bibliographic design supported by a bibliographic review is applied. Results. Ecuador has extensive regulations that regulate the functioning of the State. According to what is established in Article 425 of the Constitution of the Republic approved in 2008, the hierarchical order of application of the norms is as follows: Constitution; international treaties and conventions; organic laws; ordinary laws; regional regulations and district ordinances; decrees and regulations; ordinances; agreements and resolutions; and other acts and decisions of the public authorities The ISD holds the third place as the tax with the highest collection in the country after the Value Added Tax and the Income Tax. The ISD is a tax that was created to regularize the flow of capital, so that capital does not flow excessively outside the country. Conclusion. Executive decree No. 298 and the law for productive promotion, investment attraction, employment generation, suffer from fundamental unconstitutionality, undermine the constitutional hierarchy of current legal instruments. In the same way, since both legal manifestations are in force regarding the Tax on the outflow of foreign currency through the legal principle of presumption of legitimacy. The tax regulations violate the constitutional guarantee of legal security in deterioration of the supreme client: the Ecuadorian people.

Introduction: This article addresses the principle of minimal criminal intervention in the criminal trial stage from international doctrine and Ecuadorian legislation, taking into account that the State has undergone an evolution in terms of handling its punitive power, which in principle It involved the excessive use of criminal law to sanction behaviors that produced an affectation of the legal assets of the people, towards a more democratic stage where limits were established to said powers, in order that there are no arbitrary, disproportionate and disproportionate sanctions, but that criminal law is reserved for those cases in which the legal situation cannot be resolved by a route other than the criminal alternative and above all to the restriction of freedom, this being a fundamental principle that Ecuadorian legislation has adopted due to that it is compatible with its constitutional paradigm, guarantor of the rights of the people as a priority duty of the State, hence it is expressly recognized both in the supreme norm and in the Comprehensive Organic Criminal Code. Objectives: Analyze the principle of minimal criminal intervention in the criminal trial stage from the Ecuadorian doctrine and legislation. Define doctrinally the principle of minimal criminal intervention. - Determine which are the constitutional and legal norms that regulate the principle of minimum criminal intervention. -Establish how the principle of minimum criminal intervention manifests itself within the trial stage in criminal matters. Methodology: The present investigation has been developed under the descriptive modality, using the analytical method and the bibliographic technique. Results: Among the results obtained, it is observed that, currently, despite the implementation of the principle of minimum criminal intervention expressly in Ecuadorian legislation, the State still does not maintain a model in accordance with the one required by this model. Conclusions: The principle of minimal criminal intervention is constituted as a limit to the punitive power of the State, through which it is intended that criminal law and measures such as the restriction of personal freedom are of last resort, that is, they are only applied when other measures and branches of law have failed to resolve a legal situation, so that criminal coercion is only applied in the face of particularly serious acts that affect priority legal rights, so that there is due proportionality and justification of penalties.

Introduction. In Ecuador, there are currently many problems in the penitentiary system, which has led to the lack of technological means to deal with this problem finally. On the other hand, the latest statistics show a deficit in the security of the penitentiary centers in Ecuador, which further aggravates this demanding situation, since the controls for the entry of people are conducted manually. An agent keeps a record of all visits on paper sheets and on rare occasions makes use of spreadsheets. Likewise, the register of inmates in each of the prisons is kept manually, which causes a series of inconveniences such as: not having the exact number of inmates in each of the prisons, not having an orderly categorization, and information is only available in printed media, outdated information, no statistical reports. On the other hand, the use of technological means, as well as real-time communication, have become more important in this digital era. For this reason, the development and use of web applications, mobile applications, desktop applications, and progressive web applications, among others, have allowed automating tasks and better control of information in small, medium, and large companies. Objective. To develop a backend for the management of Ecuador's penitentiary system. Methodology. The method applied was deductive with a qualitative approach, with an experimental and documented design. Results. Among the results obtained in the research and the application of the technological tools, it has been possible to develop a backend that allows them to manage the personnel working in the prisons, such as directors, guards, and prisoners. In addition, to obtain information in real-time about the wards, and prisons and to make reports by the guards. Conclusion. It is concluded that the use of current development tools that are scalable over time, as well as the implementation of an appropriate development methodology, has allowed the development of a technological tool that allows the maximum authorities of the penitentiary system to obtain detailed, efficient, organized information in real-time thanks to the use of technology.

Introduction: Soil contains the largest reserve of organic carbon in terrestrial ecosystems, and it is the natural resource with the greatest vulnerability to climate change. Objective: To determine to what extent land use change influences carbon sequestration and fractioning in secondary forests and pastures soil. Methodology: This study was conducted in San Miguel de Barranca, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Elevation at this location range from 150 to 200 m.a.s.l., average annual rainfall of 2043 mm, and rough terrain with 23-55% steep slopes. We investigated three systems, mixed improved pastures with trees (PmA), degraded pastures (Pd), and secondary forest (Bs). Each replication had nine sampling points: three main trial pits (1x1x1m) across the slope and six mini-trial pits (0.5 x0.5 x0.5m) evenly spaced along a 20m transect. Laboratory analysis consisted of soil physical-chemical fractioning with a Flash EA 1112 autoanalyzer. Results: PmA system stored the highest value of organic carbon in the soil (141.79 Mg ha-1) up to 0.8 m deep, followed by Pd (133.22 Mg ha-1) and Bs (85.80 Mg ha-1). Pasture systems displayed 68.2% passive carbon and 65% in secondary forests. Discussion: The carbon storage trend PmA > Pd > Bs is likely due to biophysical and topographical phenomena linked to heavy rainfall. Precipitation could have influenced the carbon cycle in the secondary forest floor to have the lowest value. Conclusions: 50% of the total organic carbon is stored between 0 and 20 cm deep in the soil and, to a considerable extent, in the labile form. Carbon is released due to deforestation or ecological anomalies associated with climate change. Our results show the need to preserve forested areas and restore degraded areas.