Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

From the basis of the competitive advantage theory, this study analyzes how competitive strategies and firm’s resources affect small subsistence business performance. The study establishes that a differentiation strategy has a greater influence on business performance, compared to a cost leadership strategy, as well as a mediating effect of the intangible resources on the relationship competitive strategies-business performance. Using the software R, a Partial Least Square (PLS) technique is used to test the hypothesis based on 104 small subsistence businesses from Southern Mexico. Findings suggest that a cost leadership strategy affects small subsistence business performance in a greater way, followed by a differentiation strategy and managerial financial capabilities. Moreover, intangible resources as a second-order construct of capabilities partially mediates those effects. This gives evidence on how the perspective of Resource Based View and Strategic Positioning operate within small subsistence businesses and an emerging economy context.

The discussion on an appropriate commercial policy has focused on a dichotomous vision in which one can opt for a protectionist policy or for a policy of liberalization. However, this general differentiation ignores a broader vision in which trade is a dynamic tool over time and whose suitability depends on a response to a specific problem, based on an optimal strategy that is not necessarily white or black. Based on the consensus regarding the influence of productive and technological capacities on the competitiveness and the specialization patterns of the countries, and under which the developing countries usually have a low value-added productive export system, this document proposes a strategy viable. Integration can become the platform to improve competitiveness if it is anchored in technological and innovation processes as long as they facilitate learning, expand opportunities for intra-industry trade and improve the conditions of countries to insert in global value chains. In this way, the success of the commercial policy is not in the accuracy with which a policy recipe is applied, but in making intelligent decisions that allow a problem to be solved in a better way and thus solve the present difficulties in order to fulfill with the goals of the future.

In this paper the main determinants of the preferences of individuals for income distribution and support for equalizing policies in Argentina are studied. The hypothesis are the demand for redistribution is explained by "self-interest", beliefs about distributive justice and the institutional environment in which individuals interact. Four cross sections between 1995 and 2012 in Argentina of the World Value Survey are used to estimate an ordered bivariate probit model. The main results suggest that not only "self-interest" can explain their preferences for redistribution, but also their beliefs and values, as well as their perceptions regarding the functioning of institutions.

Economic crises can be both obstacles and opportunities for strengthening the South American trade integration process. The hypothesis is that when crises are intra-regional trade is directed out of the region, weakening the trade integration process; on the contrary, when crises have extra regional origin intraregional trade increases, intensifying this process. The aim is to study the evolution of the South American trade flows during the period 1990-2010 in accordance with any changes that occurred after the economic crisis.  Trade flows of industrial manufactures are analyzed from three perspectives: composition, size, origin and destination. The methodology is based on the construction of economic index an on descriptive statistical analysis. It is concluded that, in general terms, studies of magnitude and origin and destination are consistent with the hypothesis of the work but not the analysis of the composition.

The aim of this research has been to analyze the information extracted from official resources about accounts, financial ratios of small private banking and macroeconomic ratios from Ecuador since the United States Dollar was adopted as national currency. The purpose is to determine what factors have major relationship with the economic and financial profitability of small banks. Through, a Panel Data Analysis Fixed and Random Effects in gretl using Ordinary least squares, it was obtained that term deposits, the Gross Loan Portfolio (GLP), the indebtedness and the financial intermediation levels are internal factors with major influence on small banks profitability. Between the macroeconomic factors associated with the profitability rates are the Inflation Index and the annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

This paper examines tax evasion in the context of the institutions across countries. We analyze the relationship between cultural, legal and policy variables and tax evasion in several countries. Based on date from 79 countries for 2002 and ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions as research strategy, main results show that high power distance score is associated with high levels of tax evasion, whereas masculinity score and individualism score are associated with low levels of tax evasion. Public transparency score was also important because government confidence with individuals causes a reduction in tax evasion rate across countries. Tax authority, to enforce the taxpayers, was also important to reduce tax evasion across countries. Thus, policies that review the countries’ public transparency, modernize tax authority system and emphasize cultural social aspects have positive effects on tax evasion.

Es un constante desafío asegurar la calidad de la educación en los primeros años, por el gran reconocimiento que tiene esta etapa del desarrollo humano, lo que lleva a buscar otras formas de plantearse la labor pedagógica, recogiendo e implementando, en ocasiones, modelos educativos que han dado buenos resultados en algunas realidades, lo que no asegura el mismo efecto en los nuevos contextos donde se presentan. Particularmente, si no se cuestiona sobre el propio actuar docente, cuáles son los fundamentos educativos que están en el trasfondo de la práctica que se lleva a cabo y si no se realiza un análisis en profundidad descifrando el sentido y origen de la propuesta planteada como innovadora. Actualmente, el protagonismo de los niños y niñas vuelve a estar con fuerza en el discurso de algunas instituciones, de allí surge la necesidad de mirar las prácticas pedagógicas que se están desarrollando, puesto que es posible observar polaridades. Por un lado, en algunos establecimientos se está “escolarizando” a los párvulos, quienes permanecen pasivos y receptores de lo que se le transmite, y al otro lado del péndulo, se presenta un protagonismo de ellos sin el real sentido, sin la mediación oportuna para generar aprendizajes significativos. El propósito de este artículo es aportar desde una mirada crítica y constructiva y ofrecer elementos que inviten a la reflexión sobre la relación entre el hacer, el decir, el pensar y el sentir como educadoras de párvulos con la responsabilidad de instaurar el protagonismo de los niños y niñas.

       En el Estado constitucional de derechos es deber primordial la protección de los derechos fundamentales, para ello debe recurrirse a la aplicación estricta de la Constitución y de normativa jurídica vigente.   Uno de los medios, de carácter coercitivo, que el Estado aplica para proteger los derechos de las personas ante una conducta infractora que pueda vulnerarlos es el proceso penal, dentro de éste se contemplan mecanismos para asegurar el cumplimiento de sus finalidades uno de ellos es la prisión preventiva.  Esta medida implica restricciones a los derechos fundamentales como: libertad personal, integridad personal y presunción de inocencia.   Es decir la aplicación de la prisión preventiva resultaría contraria o por lo menos contradictoria a los postulados del Estado constitucional de derechos, sin embargo esta medida resulta indispensable para garantizar los objetivos del proceso penal y para ello su aplicación se debe delimitar de mejor  forma en el Código Orgánico Integral Penal.   Palabras clave: prisión preventiva, derechos fundamentales, libertad personal, integridad personal, presunción de inocencia.

There is no scientific evidence to support the affirmation that organic food is more nutritious or that its production is more sustainable than traditional food. In addition, productivity is very low and, concomitantly, the price is higher. This article reviews the basics of EU regulations on organic food production and concludes that, for the most part, they mislead the consumer and are not science based. Most of them rely on concepts related to the appeal-to-nature fallacy, with the explicit presence of pseudosciences, such as homeopathy or biodynamic agriculture. On the other hand, interesting aspects such as the carbon footprint or local production are not present in the regulations, and technological improvements that could be useful for organic food production are excluded.

En este articulo nos hemos propuesto analizar desde una perspectiva histórica el nodo compuesto entre el cuerpo sufriente de niños y mujeres por la sífilis  y las visiones que tuvieron sobre ellos un entramado formado esencialmente por las administraciones públicas, la comunidad médica y los círculos ilustrados. Así en este entramado complejo pretendemos hacer evidente como desde los sectores dirigentes se fue configurando una imagen del cuerpo enfermo sifilítico. Un cuerpo, que por sobre todo era considerado como resultante de faltas sexuales de los progenitores, que debía ser examinado y controlado y que debía ser “atrapado” por la sociedad para que no esparciera una degeneración que ponía en cuestionamiento esa “Nueva raza” sobre la cual debía erigirse una sociedad Argentina con veleidades de alcanzar hegemonía regional. Esto en un espacio urbano sumamente dinámico – Buenos Aires- que pasó de ser una aldea perdida en el sur atlántico del Imperio Español a una metrópoli cosmopolita, capital de un Estado nación.