Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The labor reform approved by the Spanish Royal Decree-Law 32/2021, of december 28, introduces new features that specifically affect the process of hiring public sector employees, with particular emphasis on temporary contracts. At the same time, Law 202021, of December 28 on urgent measures to reducing temporary employment in public sector, addresses the requirements made by the European Union Court of Justice  to our country on due compliance with Directive 1999/70/EC regarding fixed-term contracts. The combination of this decree and the labor reform should represent the beginning of a new management and organisational model for public employment in the Spanish Public Administration. This article provides an overview of the new regulation, along with critical assessment of its content.  

Forced retirement is a complex, contradictory and conflictive figure, which allows the establishment of a limit to the right to work as a mechanism to create employment. This figure has been the object of numerous modifications throughout the democratic period and intense jurisprudence that has come to define its legitimacy and scope. It is of special interest to know its relationship with the guarantees against discriminatory acts and its current configuration, which incorporates rules from the gender perspective.

Prenent en consideració que els mitjans digitals es constitueixen com a aspectes culturals essencials de la realitat social actual, l'article proposa un acostament al terme societat de plataformes per a analitzar la relació complexa entre les accions dels consorcis d'Internet, les rutines d'ús per a un maneig productiu de la tecnologia digital i el creixent paper de la tecnologia en la vida quotidiana. Des d'un enfocament sociològic i praxiològic, es descriuen alguns fenòmens que caracteritzen i descriuen l'economia de les plataformes digitals i el procés de regulació de la seva infraestructura. En les plataformes digitals s'utilitza un ampli espectre de pràctiques mediàtiques que penetren profundament en els entorns socials a partir de les normes i polítiques que estableixen. Aquestes s'utilitzen com a mecanismes reguladors de l'activitat i el comportament dels usuaris en la infoesfera, en tant els consorcis d'Internet desvien, analitzen i processen grans quantitats de dades i les classifiquen com a matèries primeres. Així, es planteja la tesi que les plataformes digitals amb les seves infraestructures tècniques orientades a la prestació de serveis, generen una cultura organitzacional que transforma els entorns socials i modifica les pràctiques mediàtiques.

In this work, the syntagmatic compounds that appeared in the lexical availability lists of two different corpus are analyzed: Culiacán, Sinaloa, from 2007-2008 and San Luis Potosí from 2017 of high school students within the studies of Mexican lexical availability. The objective of this work is to demonstrate that the syntagmatic compounds that appear in two corpora of Mexican lexical availability present minimal percentage variation, despite the fact that there is a time difference of 10 years between each of them. The methodology applied is of the quantitative-contrastive type and consisted of counting and classifying the syntagmatic compounds according to their structure: [N + A] N, [A + N] N, [N + p + N] N and [N + N] N. In addition, an analysis was made of the compounds by year of the corpus and by the five most available syntagmatic compounds in each center of interest. The conclusions reached are that [N + A] N and [N + p + N] N compounds are productive in the centers: 08, The school: furniture and supplies; 10, The city; 14, Animals and 16, Professions and trades, while the [N + N] N type compound is more productive in the centers: 01, Parts of the body; 02, Clothes: clothing and footwear and 03, The house: the interior and its parts.

Synchronic and diachronic palatalization of velar stops in Mayan languages is a well-studied phenomenon. Although the change *k(’) > tʃ(ʼ), in several of these languages, seems to be a persistent one, authors who have described it propose that in each language or subgroup of the family there are special conditions or different contexts in which palatalization ocurrs, either to argue that the change is an independent innovation or the result of areal diffusion. Based on the analysis of Mayan languages that manifest palatalization of k(’) (sinchronic or diachronic), as well as on the examination of the lexical diffusion patterns of Mam dialects and Eastern languages, two palatalization rules are proposed: one that responds to a process of assimilation (before and after front vowels), and another one that responds to a process of dissimilation (when the velar stop precedes dorsal consonants in the same root). In each language or subgroup of languages both rules or only one of them can be active. The existence of an intermediate stage in this change is also proposed: *k(ʼ) > *kʲ(ʼ) > tʃ(ʼ). When a language does not palatalize a velar stop in some words, it would be not only due to the limited scope of the diffusion of the rules, since the change (either independently or by diffusion) can be blocked because of root phonotactics. In view of these and other factors such as loanwords in the study of palatalization of velar stops in Mayan languages, it will be posible to observe in detail the state of lexical diffusion of Classic Ch’olan, as well as the level of interaction that q’anjob’alan languages had with the languages of the lowlands. +

The nominalizing suffixes (-q, -na, -sqa) in Santiagueño Quichua (Quechua, Argentina) intervene in lexical nominalization and constitute, at the same time, the language’s main strategy to introduce dependent clauses. Building on the theoretical discussions about the nominalization phenomenon, this work aims to draw, for each of the language's nominalization strategies, a scale that extends from a pole of clausal nominalization to one of lexical nominalization, in terms of the distribution of morphological and syntactic properties. The intention is to determine the position on the scale of each of these strategies’ limits, between the expression of a lexical item and a clause. It is also of crucial relevance to consider the semantics of each construction. Thus, participant-oriented nominalizations will be able to form lexical items (agentive, object, instrument/medium, place, quality, etc.) and express relative clauses on the syntactic level, while event-oriented nominalizations will only express adverbial or complement clauses.

The aim of this paper is to provide arguments in favor of the presence of the phonological process of metathesis in the language of Mayan hieroglyphic inscriptions, based on the comparative data. The main patterns of the reordering of segments, found thus far in the Lowland Mayan languages, are examined. The modern and colonial cases are compared with those from the hieroglyphic texts, with a special focus on the transposition in the CV-CVC structures. Primary traits of this phenomenon are described, and the possibility of the influence of the scribal practice on the development of some metathetic forms is hypothesized. 

The present paper intends to analyze a set of Spanish phenomena of grammaticalization originated in rhetorical questions and expressing different meanings related to modality and the left periphery of the clause. We analyze first “true” rhetorical questions, both total (¿Tiene algún sentido que vayas?) and partial (¿A quién no le gusta el fútbol?); although they are processed in syntax as “true” questions, they are not codified pragmatically as information requests but as assertions involving a systematic semantic inversion in the interpretation of modality, polarity and quantifiers (cf. Escandell Vidal 1984, 1999). Parting on “true” rhetorical questions, we identify different grammaticalized constructions, including the qué “of reply” recognized by Di Tullio (2014) (¿Qué vas a ser bueno?) and the exhortative qué (¿Qué mentís?). In both cases, the qué expresses a clear reject of a previous hypothesis or of some pragmatic situation (or attitude) of an interlocutor. We focus also on structures derived from total indirect rhetorical questions, with an epistemic meaning parallel to the qué “of reply” (e.g., ¿Mirá si la voy a dejar?), and total direct questions, which have an interpretation with an evaluative modality related to emphatic surprise (e.g., ¿No va y le miente?, ¿No va que lo encuentra?). All these constructions have in common that they involve a complex interaction among elements in the left periphery (including interrogation and focus), modality and polarity. After describing their basic grammatical properties, we propose a generative analysis, particularly, from the perspective of syntactic cartography (Rizzi 1997, Cinque 1999).

The XXI century has seen a significant increase in efforts to revitalize languages worldwide. The Global Survey of Revitalization Efforts documented 245 efforts for 208 languages. The Survey followed a mixed methods approach and included 30 questions. It was administered online in 7 languages and yielded some 40 000 bits of data. This study builds upon the global results reported in Pérez Báez et al. (2019) to provide frequency counts and analysis focused on two Latin American regions: Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean as one, and South America. The results show that revitalization efforts have increased in the XXI century, suggesting that many efforts are recent and in need of support. The results include descriptions by revitalization practitioners of the support needed such as capacity building, institutional support, internal community support as well as support and respect from outside the language community. The data suggest that while revitalization efforts are responding to situations of advanced language shift, there is a notable focus in South America to engage in language maintenance to protect the extant vitality of languages. Based on the Survey, revitalization efforts seem heavily focused on language teaching, perhaps over intergenerational transmission of a language. This study further pairs the qualitative data shared by participants with the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development to show that linguistic diversity is integral to human development and human rights.